United States financial system

It was Witt s criticism of the method of collecting turpentine from pine trees in the American South that stimulate Herty s interest in this subject. Upon returning to the United States in 1901, he turned his attention to this problem, and he soon developed his cup and gutter system, which replaced the old "boxing" method. Herty resigned his university post and worked with the United States Bureau of Forestry (1902-1904) and later the Chattanooga Pottery Company (1904-1905) in following up on his invention, which made him financially secure. 

United States Narcotic Addiction Rehabilitation Act authorizes the civil commitment of narcotic addicts, and gives federal financial assistance to states and local authorities to develop a local system of drug treatment programs. Methadone clinic treatment programs begin to dramatically rise. 

The United States has more Btu s in its coal reserves than the Mid-East has in its oil reserves. The United States, if it is to approach self-sufficiency, must exploit coal. Since there are transportation systems for oil and gas products already available in the United States, it would make obvious sense to convert coal into these products so that these usable forms of energy could be shipped to the end-user. Unfortunately, there are technical, institutional, and financial barriers that have prevented the development of the coal conversion industry. These problems and potential solutions to them are delineated in this book. 

The economic and social costs of AD are staggering. It is the third most expensive illness in the United States after heart disease and cancer, and the majority of medical and caregiving expenses are left to the patients families. The total national cost of Alzheimer s disease is estimated at approximately 100 bUhon annuallyAnnual Medicare costs in 2000 were estimated at 31.9 bilhon and Medicaid costs for institutionalized AD patients were estimated at 18.2 billion. With life expectancy and the number of AD cases increasing, the cost of AD is projected to quadruple over the next 50 years. The potential financial burden of this disease on the health care system could reach crisis proportions in the near future unless more effective avenues are developed to provide care for these individuals, to prevent the disease from occurring, or to slow its progression. 

Many times, AD is not perceived as a major iUness and is frequently dismissed as a minor skin condition. However, studies have demonstrated considerable financial, emotional, and social impact on families of those with moderate or severe AD. An Australian study reported results of significantly more stress in taking care of a child with moderate or severe AD than that involved with care of a child with insulin-dependent diabetes. Disturbed or lack of sleep has also been reported. In the United States, AD accounts for 4% of emergency department visits. The health systems of all countries are burdened with the economic load of AD s direct and indirect costs of treatment and social morbidity. ... 

In Canada, a two-year study done by a multivendor team of healthcare professionals for the province of Alberta similarly characterized the current Canadian healthcare system to be provider-centric as opposed to patientcentric and to depend on episodic and illness-oriented (as opposed to wellness-oriented) fragmented services provided by the individual provider in a facility with very little coordination. As in the United States, the outcomes are consequently measured from the financial perspective rather than the clinical efficacy perspective. In Canada the multivendor team of healthcare professionals recommended that the healthcare system make the transition to a patient-centric, outcome-driven, and wellness-oriented system that provides integrated continuum of services with close coordination among the providers and institutions. 

The disaster management systems in Thailand and the United States have some commonalities in the potential for enhancing their level of adaptation to their natural hazards both systems could benefit by preparing local authorities to mitigate the disaster while national authorities are organizing their response. Thailand s lack of financial resources contributes to its ill preparation, and its vulnerability. The United States, with strong economic resources, may have an effective process written into the New Orleans Evacuation Plan, but since this plan was not implemented, there is no way to evaluate it. 

The average Japanese worker is now as highly-paid as in other industrial economies such as the United States and Western Europe. However, Japan s productivity per worker is at least 1 times that of the United States and their product quality enjoys an enviable position. The cooperation between labor unions, management, government, and the financial institutions are unique to any industrial system and contribute greatly to Japan s ability to maintain a relatively stable system even in light of significant shifts in other sectors of the world s economy. 

Why were there so few industrial or utility borrowers at the time of the market s launch The reasons lie in the way the industrial and financial systems in Europe developed. It is worth digressing to explore these briefly, for they shape the market s direction even in the 21st century. A comparison with the very different history of the United States is also useful, since the American corporate market is often held out—sometimes too simplistically—as a model for Europe s future development. 

A principal reason for the shortage of nonfinancial borrowers in the Eurobond market is the strength of the European banking system. Banks, rather than the bond market, have long been the major providers of credit in Europe. This stands in sharp contrast to the United States, where institntional investors are much more prominent. As can be seen in Exhibit 6.3, banks contribnte 60% to 80% of national financial... 

As this particular study is set in the United States, it is difficult to predict whether the results would be similar in different kinds of health system. In a publicly funded and more tightly controlled system, such as the British NHS, one might expect a closer adherence to procedure and protocol on the other hand, most US physicians have financial incentives to investigate and treat, so one might expect higher rates of intervention. 

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