Over-reporting

Field matrix spikes can be carried out by adding a known amount of a spike solution with a known concentration to a rephcate sample. Spike recoveries can be used to identify which compounds are consistently under or over reported or which compounds are variable in their recoveries. This is particularly relevant to the analysis of organic contaminants. 

The fact that Pt(PPh3)2, which has been recently isolated, gives the over-reported reaction (184) is in accordance with this catalytic mechanism. 

Limitations of FDA spontaneous reporting include both under-reporting and over-reporting. 

An example of over-reporting occurs with recently approved drugs. This is partly due to enhanced publicity about these drugs. 

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, mediated through IgE antibodies to cephalosporin determinants, are a major factor Umiting their use. Early cases of anaphylaxis to cephalosporins were probably due to contamination with trace amounts of peniciUin (151). These studies may therefore have over-reported cross-sensitivity. 

In all cases, the emission factors and methods outlined in AP-42 (a compendium of industry-specific EPA emission factors available at the CHIEF site) provide conservative estimates, thereby yielding an auditable worst case inventory of air pollutants nationally and regionally. Manufacturers adhering to AP-42 likely overestimate (and over report) air emissions. 

Later that day I had a chance to look over reports compiled by British Intelligence officers and the Palestine Police on the strength and condition of the Arab and Jewish fighting forces in Palestine. 

A study in 24 HI V-positive patients taking methadone found that after taking rifabutin 300 mg daily for 13 days the pharmacokinetics of the methadone were minimally changed. However 75% of the patients reported at least one mild symptom of methadone withdrawal, but this was not enough for any of them to withdraw from the study. Only 3 of them asked for and received an increase in their methadone dosage. The authors offered the opinion that over-reporting of withdrawal symptoms was likely to be due to the warnings that the patients had received. ... 

TSCA 8(e) requires the submission of information which reasonably supports the conclusion that [a] substance or mixture presents a substantial risk of injury to health or the environment. The reporting obligation extends to information that does not conclusively demonstrate that a substantial risk exists rather reportable information need merely reasonably support a conclusion of substantial risk. Reporting usually requires judgment calls about whether the information rises to a reportable level. Although the ERA discourages over reporting and file dumps, it is prudent to report in cases of uncertainty because of the consequences that follow from a failure to report. 

The over-reporting of small particles is a typical error seen when using the... 

Conversion ratio and specific power increased somewhat over reported values (8) to reflect potential improvements in fuel element technology. 

Writing when the Mods and Rockers phenomenon was passing its peak, a journalist recalls that a few days after the initial event at Clacton, the Assistant Editor of the Daily Mirror admitted in conversation that the affair had been a little over-reported . It is this over-reporting that I am interested in here. 

The sources of over reporting lay not jnst in snch abnses of language. There was a frequent nse of misleading headlines, particularly headlines which were discrepant with the actnal story thus a headline violence might announce a story which, in fact, reports that no violence occurred. Then there were more subtle and often unconscious journalistic practices the nse of the generic plural (if a boat was overturned, reports read boats were overturned ) and the techniqne, well known to war correspondents, of reporting the same incident twice to look like two different incidents. 

They may under-report (or over-report) injuries, and may vary as a result of subtle differences in reporting criteria. 

Li, L., K. Kim and L. Nitz (1999). Predictors of safety belt use among crash-involved drivers and front seat passengers adjusting for over-reporting. Accid. Anal. Prev., 31, 631-638. 

Releaaea of e tremely hazardoua aubatance (EHS) over reportable quantity (RQ)... 

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