Eosinophil

Eosinophils can express several chemokine receptors, such as CCRl, CCR2, CCR4, CXCR2, CXCR3 andCXCR4[4,11,15-18]. However, CCR3 is the chemokine receptor which is most highly expressed by eosinophils [4, 5, 11, 15-18]. 

Activated eosinophils augment the immune response by releasing chemical mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines and chemokines. More precisely, the chemokines released by eosinophils are CCL3, CCL4, CCLll and 

The mucosal inflammatory responses which accompany asthma, allergic inflammation and helminthic infestations are characterized by a marked and specific infiltration of eosinophils into the relevant mucosal surfeces. Of the cytokines secreted by activated T lymphocytes, IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF promote maturation, activation and prolonged survival of the eosinophil (Lopez etal., 1986 Rothenberg et al., 1988, 1989). 11 5 is unique in that, unlike IL-3 and GM-CSF, it acts specifically on 

Aarden, L.A. Brummer, T.K., Cerottini, J-C., Dayer, 1-M., de Week, A.L. etiU. (1979). Revised nomenclature for antigen-non-specific T cell proliferation and helper factors. J. Immunol. 123, 2928-2929. 

Allison, J.P. and Havran, W.L. (1991). The immunobiology of T cells with invariant yd antigen receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9, 679-705. 

Miyajima, A. Miyatake, S., Aral, N. and Yokota, T. (1990). Cytokines co-ordinators of immune 

Ba olini, M., Walz, A. and Kunkcl, S.L. (1989). Neutrophilactivating peptide-l/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1045-1049. 

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White Blood Cells. White blood cells, or leukocytes, have varying function and morphology. Mononuclear leukocytes include lymphocyte B and T-ceUs, monocytes, and progenitor cells. Polynuclear granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. The most important groups in cell separation are lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. 

Small intestinal mucosV placenta, liver, skin, kidney, thymus, eosinophil, neutrophi... 

Histamine in the Blood. After its release, histamine diffuses rapidly into the blood stream and surrounding tissues (12). Histamine appears in blood within 2.5 min after its release, peaks at 5 min, and returns to baseline levels by 15 to 30 min. In humans, the diurnal mean of plasma histamine levels is 0.13 ng/g. In urine, elevations of histamine or metaboUtes are more prolonged than plasma elevations. Consequendy, abnormahties are more easily detected by urinary histamine assay. About one-half of the histamine in normal blood is in basophils, one-third in eosinophils, and one-seventh in neutrophils the remainder is distributed among all the other blood components. Increases in blood histamine levels occur in several pathological... 

Microfilariae in the tissues of the lung (ie, eosinophilic lung or tropical eoskiophiha) produce symptoms of chest pain, cough, and asthma, which are often reheved by the administration of diethylcarbama2iae. 

When exposure is repeated, the allergen binds between two adjacent IgE molecules. This causes release of inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, chemotactic factors). These act locally and cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, mucous gland secretion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and eosinophils). However, histamine can also be released by non-IgE-mediated mechanisms (e.g., due to exposure to certain fungi). 463... 

The largest numbers of integrins are members of the (31 integrins, also known as the very late antigen (VLA) subfamily because of its late appearance after activation. There are at least seven receptors characterized from this subfamily, each with different ligand specificity. Among the most studied include the 04(31 and a5 31 receptors. The leukocyte integrin a4 31 is a cell adhesion receptor that is predominantly expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. 

Frequently, the EAR is followed by a late phase response 4-6 h later and it is caused by the pulmonary sequestration of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and T-lymphocytes. This leukocyte recruitment depends on mast cell-derived mediators such as TNFa and various chemokines, as well as on the expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes (e.g. VLA-4, CD11/18) and vascular endothelial cells (e.g. VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin). Products of these leukocytes have several functions First, they cause the second phase of bron-choconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway swelling second, they cause tissue destruction third, they launch and entertain the chronic inflammation. 

Bronchial Asthma. Figure 2 Mechanisms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Toxic products from eosinophils [cationic peptides, reactive oxygen species (ROS)] cause epithelial injury. Nerve endings become easily accessible to mediators from mast cells, eosinophils [eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)], and neutrophils, and to airborne toxicants such as S02. Activation of nerve endings stimulates effector cells like mucosal glands and airway smooth muscle either directly or by cholinergic reflexes. 

Basic (pH) proteins directed against pathogens. Examples are the major basic protein from mast cells, the eosinophilic cationic proteins from eosinophils, and defensins from epithelial cells and neutrophilic granulocytes. 

The leukocyte integrin a 4(3 1 (also known as VLA-4 and CD49d/CD29) is a cell adhesion receptor, which is predominantly expressed on lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. VLA-4 is generally selective for the CS1 domain within fibronectin, with an essential requirement for LDV sequence for binding. VLA-4 also binds to VCAM-1 as a counter receptor. 

A cytokine, secreted by TH2-cells and mast cells, stimulates B-cell growth, acts as hematopoietic factor for growth factor eosinophils, and extends the life span of eosinophils. 

Expression (Human) Tissues Leukocytes, thymus, spleen, liver, ovary Cells PBLs, neutrophils,T-cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, leukocytes Tissues spleen, small intestine, placenta, lung smooth muscle, Cells bronchial smooth muscle, CD34+ hemapoietic progenitor cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, PBLs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells Tissues, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, brain, lymp node, adrenal medulla, lung, human pumonary/ saphenous vein Cells monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, cardiac muscle, coronary artery, PBLs... 

Expression (Mouse) Tissues lungs, Cells myeloid leukocytes, neutrophils, T-cells, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils Tissues lung, skin, small intestine Cells macrophages, fibroblasts, leukocytes Tissues lung, skin, brain, small intestine, spleen Cells macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, leukocytes... 

Munoz NM, Kim YJ, Meliton AY et al (2003) Human gVPLA2 induces gIVA-PLA2 independent cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis in human eosinophils. J Biol Chem 278 38813-38820... 

Lewy bodies are typical in neuronal degeneration, which is accompanied by the presence of these eosinophilic intracellular inclusions of 5-25 pm diameter in a proportion of still surviving neurons. Lewy bodies contain neurofilament, tubulin, microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2, and gelsolin, an actin-modulating protein. 

Decreases the production of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the blood by causing atrophy of the thymus gland blocks the release of cytokines, resulting in a decreased performance of T and B monocytes in the immune response. (This action, coupled with the anti-inflammatory action, makes the corticosteroids useful in delaying organ rejection in patients with transplants.)... 

The most serious adverse reaction associated with these drugs is agranulocytosis (decrease in the number of white blood cells [eg, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils]). Reactions observed with agranulocytosis include hay fever, sore throat, skin rash, fever, or headache Other major reactions include exfoliative dermatitis, granulocytopenia, aplastic anemia, hypoprothrombinemia, and hepatitis. Minor reactions, such as nausea, vomiting, and paresthesias, also may be seen. 

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