Mononuclear leukocytes

White Blood Cells. White blood cells, or leukocytes, have varying function and morphology. Mononuclear leukocytes include lymphocyte B and T-ceUs, monocytes, and progenitor cells. Polynuclear granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. The most important groups in cell separation are lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. 

Lebailly P, Vigreux C, Lechevrel C, et al. 1998. DNA damage in mononuclear leukocytes of farmers measured using the alkaline comet assay Modifications of DNA damage levels after a one-day field spraying period with selected pesticides. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7 929-940. 

LEUKOCYTES. Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in the cellular and humoral defense of the organism against foreign materials. They are grouped into two classes polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which comprise neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and mononuclear leukocytes that include lymphocytes and monocytes. Of these, neutrophils and lymphocytes have been suggested as potential cellular carriers. 

Yehuda R, Golier J, Yang RK, Tischler L (2004a) Enhanced sensitivity to glucocorticoids in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes in posttraiunatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 55 1110-1116... 

Avissar S, Nechamkin Y, Roitman G, et al. Reduced G-protein functions and immunoreactive levels in mononuclear leukocytes of patients with depression. Am J Psychiatry 1997 154 211-217. 

Young LT, Li PP, Kamble A, et al. Mononuclear leukocyte levels of G-proteins in depressed patients with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994 151 594-596. 

Cybulsky, M. I. and Gimbrone, M. A., Jr. (1991). Endothelial expression of mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science 251,788-791. 

Recent evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process. The recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes and formation of intimal macrophage-rich lesions at specific sites of the arterial tree are key events in atherogenesis. Alterations of chemotactic and adhesive properties of the endothelium play an important role in this process [82]. Quercetin has been reported to inhibit the expression in glomerular cells of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [83] a potent chemoattractant for circulating monocytes. Red wine reduced MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression in abdominal aorta of cholesterol fed rabbits after balloon injury and this effect was associated with a reduced neointimal hyperplasia [84]. The antioxidant-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor k B (NFkB) and the subsequent non selective reduction of cytokine transcription have been suggested to be responsible for these effects [83]. Additionally, quercetin downregulated both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- and tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa)-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in human endothelial cells [86]. 

J. Seidegard, R.W. Pero, The Hereditary Transmission of High Glutathione Transferase Activity towards trans-Stilbene Oxide in Human Mononuclear Leukocytes , Human Genet., 69, 66-68 (1985). 

K. Hayashida, N. Kume, M. Minami and T. Kita, Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) supports adhesion of mononuclear leukocytes and a monocyte-like cell line THP-1 cells under static and flow conditions, FEBS Lett. 511 (2002) 133-138. 

Stannous fluoride (0.25 and 0.5%) and stannous chloride (1 and 2%) produced leukocyte pustules in rabbit skin along the area adjacent to an abdominal epidermal scratch. Infiltration of the tissue with polymorpho- nuclear and mononuclear leukocytes were present in the absence of pustules at a stannous chloride concentration of 0.5% and a stannous fluoride concentration of 0.1%. 

The chemotaxis of mononuclear leukocytes and the migration, growth, and activation of the multiple cell types within atherosclerotic lesions are critical for the chronic inflammatory and fibroproliferative response in atherosclerosis (Ml). Chemokine-mediated attraction of leukocytes to tissues has been shown in atherosclerotic lesions (G8). Studies using knockout and transgenic murine models indicated that chemokine receptor/ligand interactions are crucial in the development of atherosclerosis (P6). Moreover, chemokines may also interfere with smooth muscle cell migration and growth, and platelet activation and other well-defined features of the atherosclerotic process (A2). 

Human mononuclear leukocytes were isolated from healthy young adults and incubated with 0.1-10,000 nM DEHP (Sager and Little 1989). There was no change in cell viability after 1 hour of... 

Immunotoxicity. There are currently no in vivo studies in humans or animals that examined immunocompetence following exposure to DEHP by any route of exposure. No histopathological alterations to organs of the lymphoreticular system due to treatment with DEHP were reported by any animal study. DEHP does bind to mononuclear leukocytes in vitro (Sager and Little 1989) but this is not an inherently toxic phenomenon. The overall evidence suggests that the immune system is not a target for DEHP toxicity. Specific studies addressing this issue do not seem necessary at this time. 

Points to Consider in the Collection, Processing, and Testing of Ex vivo Activated Mononuclear Leukocytes for Administration to Humans (August 1989)... 

Smit, M. J., and Anderson, R., Biochemical mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide- and hypochlorous acid-mediated inhibition of human mononuclear leukocyte functions in vitro protection and reversal by anti-oxidants. Agents Actions 36, 58-65 (1992). 

About 70% of blood ascorbate is in plasma and erythrocytes (which do not concentrate the vitamin from plasma). The remainder is in white cells, which have a marked ability to concentrate ascorbate mononuclear leukocytes achieve 80-fold, platelets 40-fold, and granulocytes 25-fold concentration, compared with plasma concentration. In adequately nourished subjects, and those receiving supplements, the ascorbate concentration in erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes, but not in mononuclear leukocytes, is correlated with plasma concentration. Mononuclear leukocytes concentrate ascorbate independendy of plasma concentration (Evans et al., 1982). In deficiency, as plasma concentrations of ascorbate fall, mononuclear leukocyte, granulocyte, and platelet concentrations of ascorbate are protected to a considerable extent. As discussed in Section 13.5.2, the leukocyte content of ascorbate is used as an index ofvitamin C nutritional status, but in view of the differing capacity of different cell types to accumulate the vitamin, differential white cell counts are essential to interpret the results. 

Steatohepatitis is the accumulation of lipids and the presence of inflammatory cells within hepatic parenchyma. Steatohepatitis is usually the next stage of steatosis if untreated (Bautista, 2002 French, 2003 Lieber, 1994). The inflammatory cells are usually neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes. Conditions usually associated with steatohepatitis are alcoholic liver disease, NAFLD, and endotoxemia secondary to intestinal disease. Any toxic compounds that cause steatosis can also result in steatohepatitis if the condition is left untreated. Steatohepatitis may progress to flbrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma if the inciting cause is not removed or treated (Diehl, 2002). 

Human mononuclear leukocytes are a good model for studying SM-induced cytotoxicity. Niacinamide, 3-aminobenzamide, and PARP inhibitors have been shown to be... 

Yosliimui a T, Matsusliima K, Oppenheim JJ, Leonard EJ (1987) Neuti ophil chemotacdc factor produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sdmulated human blood mononuclear leukocytes Pardal chaiacterizadon and sepai adon from interleukin 1 (IL 1). J Immunol 139 788-793. 

Maxwril MH. An ultrastructural comparison of the mononuclear leukocytes and thrombocytes in six species of domestic bird. JAnat 1974 117 65>-80. 

N. Kume, M. I. Cybulsky and M. A. Jr Gimbrone, Lysophosphatidylcholine, a Component of Atherogenic Lipoproteins, Induces Mononuclear Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules in Cultured Human and Rabbit Arterial Endothelial Cells, Journal of Clinical Investigations 90 (1992) 1138-1144. 

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