Chemotactic factor

When exposure is repeated, the allergen binds between two adjacent IgE molecules. This causes release of inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, chemotactic factors). These act locally and cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, mucous gland secretion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and eosinophils). However, histamine can also be released by non-IgE-mediated mechanisms (e.g., due to exposure to certain fungi). 463... 

Once having passed through the walls of small blood vessels, the neutrophils migrate toward the highest concentrations of the chemotactic factors, encounter the invading bacteria, and attempt to attack and destroy them. The neutrophils must be activated in order... 

The process of activation of neutrophils is essentially similar. They are activated, via specific receptors, by interaction with bacteria, binding of chemotactic factors, or antibody-antigen complexes. The resultant rise in intracellular Ca affects many processes in neutrophils, such as assembly of micrombules and the actin-myosin system. These processes are respectively involved in secretion of contents of granules and in motility, which enables neutrophils to seek out the invaders. The activated neutrophils are now ready to destroy the invaders by mechanisms that include production of active derivatives of oxygen. 

Reiss K, Mentlein R, Sievers J, Hartmann D (2002) Stromal cell-derived factor 1 is secreted by meningeal cells and acts as chemotactic factor on neuronal stem cells of the cerebellar external granular layer. Neuroscience 115 295-305... 

A macrophage chemotactic factor (MAC) which causes an aeeumulation of mononuclear phagoeytes at the site of the antigen-mediated lymphokine release. 

Fig. 2.2 Simplified scheme of oxidant/antioxidant regulation ofNF-KB activation. Different stimuli, leading to an increase of ROS generation inside the ceU, activate the phosphorylation of IkB inhibitory protein and the subsequent proteolysis. Thioredoxin (Trx) may reduce activated NF-kB proteins facilitating nuclear translocation.Qnce released from IkB, the NF-kB complex translocates into the nucleus and the binding to DNA domain in the promoters and enhancers of genes such as TNF-a, IL-1, proliferation and chemotactic factors, adhesion molecule. Some of these genes, in turn, may further induce NF-kB activation, leading to a vicious circle if the regulatory cellular system escapes from...

BCF Basophil chemotactic factor B-CFC Basophil colony-forming cell BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin BCNU l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea bFGF Basic fibroblast growth fiictor Bg Birbeck granules BHR Bronchial hyperresponsiveness BHT Butylated hydroxyroluene b.i.d. Bis in die (twice a day)... 

NCF Neutrophil chemotactic factor NDGA Nordihydroguaretic acid NDP Nucleoside diphosphate Neca 5 -(N-ethyl carboxamido)-adenosine NED Nedocromil sodium NEP Neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11)... 

Yoshimura T, Matsushima K, Tanaka S, et al. Purification of a human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor that has peptide sequence similarity to other host defense cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987 84 9233-9237. 

Jagels MA, Hugli TE. Neutrophil chemotactic factors promote leukocytosis. J Immunol 1992 148 1119-1128. 

Cherry, Yasumizu R, Toki J, et al. Production of hematopoietic stem cell-chemotactic factor by bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 1994 83(4) 964-971. 

Valente AJ, Graves DT, Vialle-Valentin CE, Delgado R, Schwartz CJ. Purification of a monocyte chemotactic factor secreted by nonhuman primate vascular cells in culture. Biochemistry 1988 27(11) 4162 1168. 

Shellenberger TD, Wang M, Gujrati M, et al. BRAK/CXCL14 is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and is a chemotactic factor for immature dendritic cells. Cancer Res 2004 64 8262-8270. 

Mast cell degranulation in response to allergens results in release of mediators such as histamine eosinophil, and neutrophil chemotactic factors leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 prostaglandins and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Histamine is capable of inducing smooth muscle constriction and bronchospasm and may play a role in mucosal edema and mucus secretion. 

Alveolar macrophages release a number of inflammatory mediators, including PAF and leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4. Production of neutrophil chemotactic factor and eosinophil chemotactic factor furthers the inflammatory process. 

The superoxide anion (O2 ) exhibits numerous physiological toxic effects including endothelial cell damage, increased microvascular permeability, formation of chemotactic factors such as leukotriene B4, recruitment of neutrophils at sites of inflammation, lipid peroxidation and oxidation, release of cytokines, DNA singlestrand damage, and formation of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-), a potent cytotoxic and proinflammatory molecule generated according to equation 7.210 ... 

Figure 4.8. Hypothesis for the local generation of mast-cell-stimulating peptides by the action of neutrophil-derived enzymes on albumin. Initial stimulation of the mast cell by any of a variety of agents causes the release of preformed histamine (H) neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic factors (NCF, ECF) and enzymes and the de novo synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT). These agents increase vascular permeability and vessel diameter. As a result, albumin and later neutrophils (PMN) enter the tissue space where the latter undergo phagocytosis and the secretion of proteolytic enzymes to the extracellular space where they act on albumin to generate NRP (neurotensin-related peptide) and HRP (histamine-releasing peptide). These newly formed peptides then act as a second stimulus to the mast cell. In addition NRP and HRP may affect other immunocompetent celt such as monocytes, macrophages or eosinophils.

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