Eosinophil activation

LTB4). At these infectious sites, eosinophils are activated by Type 2 cytokines released from a specific subset of helper T cells (Th2) thus IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 are important for eosinophil activation as well as maturation. Following activation, eosinophils release the contents of small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as histamine and proteins such as eosinophil peroxidase, RNase, DNases, lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein that are toxic to both parasite and host tissues (Gleich and Adolphson 1986). 

A3 receptors are present on human eosinophils and couple to signalling pathways that lead to cell activation ( Kohno et al. 1996a Reeves et al. 2000). Despite this it has not proven easy to demonstrate the functional consequences of activation of these sites (Reeves et al. 2000). Nevertheless, the chronic inflammation in asthma is characterised by extensive infiltration of the airways by activated eosinophils (Holgate 1999 Pearlman 1999) and it remains possible that the elevated adenosine concentrations associated with asthma would contribute to eosinophil activation through stimulation of A3 receptors. In addition, it has been speculated that activation of A3 receptors may protect eosinophils from apoptosis (Gao et al. 2001). Thus, blockade of A3 receptors may reduce the numbers of eosinophils and their activation thereby reducing the pro-inflammatory burden in the lung. Consistent with this, following 6 weeks treatment of mild asthmatics with theophylline there was a... 

Venge P, Bystrom J, Carlson M, Hakansson L, Karawacjzyk M, Peterson C, Seveus L, Trulson A. 1999. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) Molecular and biological properties and the use of ECP as a marker of eosinophil activation in disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 29 1172-1186. 

Taha, Y., et al. 2001. Evidence of local eosinophil activation and altered mucosal permeability in collagenous colitis. Dig Dis Sci 46 888. 

Th2 cytokine IL-10 is an antiinflammatory cytokine that suppresses the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (Dll), allergen-induced airway inflammation, and nonspecific airway responsiveness (T9). IL-13 shares a receptor component, signaling pathways, and many biological activities with IL-4. In fact, IL-13 is also an antiinflammatory cytokine and plays a unique role in the optimal induction and maintenance of IgE production and IgE-mediated allergic responses when IL-4 production is low or absent (DIO, W12). Moreover, IL-13 or IL-4 shows a synergistic effect with TNF-a or IL-5 on eosinophil activation (L20). Recently, IL-11 was found to be involved in the chronic remodeling seen in asthmatic airways and is associated with increasing severity of the disease (Ml6). 

C13. Coffer, P. J., Schweizer, R. C., Dubois, G. R., Maikoe, T., Lammers, J. W., and Koenderman, L., Analysis of signal transduction pathways in human eosinophils activated by chemoattractants and the T-helper 2-derived cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. Blood 91, 2547-2557... 

L20. Luttmann, W., Matthiesen, T., Matthys, H., and Virchow, J. C., Synergistic effects of interleukin-4 or interleukin-13 and tumor necrosis factor-a on eosinophil activation in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 20, 474-480 (1999). 

Woerly, G., Honda, K., Loyens, M., Papin, J. P., Auwerx, J., Staels, B., Capron, M., and Dombrowicz, D. (2003). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma down-regulate allergic inflammation and eosinophil activation.. Exp. Med. 198, 411—421 -... 

Test on cellular immunity in vitro assays for lymphocyte and eosinophil activation it is performed for distinguishing between children with and without food allergy, based on determination of Th2 type cytokines (11-4), as compared to nonallergic children producing predominately Thl cytokines (interferon-y) (Nowak-Wegrzyn, 2003). 

Markers of eosinophil activation in stool (ECP, TNF-a) (Nowak-Wegrzyn, 2003). 

Zeck Kapp, G., Kroegel, C., Riede, U. N., and Kapp, A. (1995) Mechanisms of human eosinophil activation by complement protein C5a and platelet-activating factor similar functional responses are accompanied by different morphologic alterations. Allergy 50, 34 47. 

Inhibits release of histamine from mast cell Selective Hi antagonist Inhibits type I hypersensitivity Antihistamine Decreases chemotaxis and eosinopil activation Antihistamine Decreases chemotaxis and eosinophil activation Inhibits release of histamine from mast cell Selective Hi antagonist Affinity for H2, ai 2, and 5HT2-receptor... 

Most albuterol sulfate preparations contain an equimolar, racemic mixture of the (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers (Page Morley 1999). (R)-albuterol has bronchodilator and bronchoprotec-tive activity. (S)-Albuterol does not activate P2 adrenoceptors and does not modify the activation of these receptors by (R)-albuterol. (S)-Albuterol is metabolized more slowly than (R)-albuterol and is retained preferentially in the airways. Until recently, (S)-albuterol was considered biologically inert however, it has been shown to intensify allergic bronchospasm and eosinophilic activation in laboratory animals and appears to have the potential to induce paradoxical reactions in some asthmatic patients. In horses, (S)-albuterol does not have bronchodilatory activity and stimulates acetylcholine release via prejunctional 2 adrenoceptor stimulation (Zhang et al 1998). Levalbuterol (homochiral (R)-albuterol) has been marketed recently and reportedly dramatically reduces the incidence of the side-effects associated with racemic albuterol in some patients. 

G, M., Frew, A.J., Varney, V.A. and Kay, A.B. (1991). Eosinophil activation and T-lymphocyte infiltration in allergen-induced late phase skin reactions and classical delayed-type hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 147, 816-822. 

Dri, P., Cramer, R, Spessotto, P., Romano, M. and Patriarca, P. (1991). Eosinophil activation on biologic surfaces. Production of Of in response to physiologic soluble stimuli is differentially modulated by extracellular matrix components and endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 147, 613-620. 

Tamura, N., Agrawal, D.K. and Townley, RG. (1988). Leukotriene C4 production fiom human eosinophils in vitro. Role of eosinophil chemotactic fiictors on eosinophil activation. J. Immunol. 141, 4291-4297. 

Valerius, T., Repp, R, Kalden, J.R and Platzer, E. (1990). EflPects of IFN on human eosinophils in comparison with other cytokines. A novel class of eosinophil activators with delayed onset of action. J. Immunol. 145, 2950-2958. 

Hallgren, R, Bjermer, L., Lundgren, R and Venge, P. (1989). Tho eosinophil component of the alveolitis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Signs of eosinophil activation in the lung are related to impaired lung functions. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139, 373-377. 

Till S, Li B, Durham S, Humbert M, et al. Secretion of the eosinophil-active cytokines interleukin-5, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 by bronchoalveolar lavage CD4 and CD8 T cell lines in atopic asthmatics, and atopic and non-atopic controls. Eur J Immuno 1995 25 2727-31. 

CD23 is the low-affinity receptor for IgE and is expressed on platelets, eosinophils, activated macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, and mature B cells. Though this... 

Topical tacrolimus suppresses cytokine and costimulatory molecule expression in epidermal and local draining lymph node cells during the initial skin immune response [97]. The inhibitojy effect of tacrolimus on the production of cytokines in T cells has been demonstrated in both Thl and Th2 cells [98]. This is coincident with reports that the transcription factor NEAT, a target for the calcium-regulated phosphatase calcineurin, mediates transcription of both Thl- and Th2-derived cytokines [99]. The effects of tacrolimus on other inflammatory cells such as skin mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and Langerhans cells have also been studied extensively. Tacrolimus has been shown to inhibit histamine release and cytokine production from human skin, lung, and cord blood-derived cultured mast cells [100-102]. Tacrolimus has also been reported to have a direct inhibitory activity on eosinophil activation [103,104]. 

Koller DY, Nething 1, Otto J, Urbanek R, Eichler I. Cytokine concentrations in sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis and tbeir relation to eosinophil activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 155 1050. 

Dahinden, C. A., Geiser, T., Brunner, T., von Tscharner, V., Caput, D., Ferrara, P., et al. (1994). Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 is a most effective basophil- and eosinophil-activating chemokine. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 179, 751—756. 

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