Progenitor cell

White Blood Cells. White blood cells, or leukocytes, have varying function and morphology. Mononuclear leukocytes include lymphocyte B and T-ceUs, monocytes, and progenitor cells. Polynuclear granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. The most important groups in cell separation are lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. 

The effects of lL-1 ki accelerating recovery of BM hemopoiesis ki mice have been characterized (172). Injection of lL-1 20 h prior to sublethal kradiation promotes an eadier CEU-S/CEU-GM recovery ki the BM and spleen, and markedly affects BM ceUularity and mobilization of progenitor cells (172). Differences have been found between strains and administration protocols, especially with respect to BM CEU-GM numbers. 

SCF (recombinant product ancestim) is an early-acting hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of primitive hematopoietic and nonhema-topoietic cells [7]. In vitro, SCF has minimal effect on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic progenitor cells, but it synergistically increases the activity of other hematopoietic growth factors, such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, and EPO. SCF stimulates the generation of dendritic cells in vitro and mast cells in vivo. 

Several cytokines are in clinical use that support immune responses, such as IL-2, DFNs, or colony-stimulating factors. IL-2 supports the proliferation and effector ftmction of T-lymphocytes in immune compromised patients such as after prolonged dialysis or HIV infection. IFNs support antiviral responses or antitumoral activities of phagocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Colony-stimulatory factors enforce the formation of mature blood cells from progenitor cells, e.g., after chemo- or radiotherapy (G-CSF to generate neutrophils, TPO to generate platelets, EPO to generate erythrocytes). 

Expression (Human) Tissues Leukocytes, thymus, spleen, liver, ovary Cells PBLs, neutrophils,T-cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, leukocytes Tissues spleen, small intestine, placenta, lung smooth muscle, Cells bronchial smooth muscle, CD34+ hemapoietic progenitor cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, PBLs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells Tissues, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, brain, lymp node, adrenal medulla, lung, human pumonary/ saphenous vein Cells monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, cardiac muscle, coronary artery, PBLs... 

Bai J, Gorantla S, Banda N, Gagnon L, Rossi J, Akkina R (2000) Characterization of anti-CCR5 ribozyme-transduced CD34-I- hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro and in a SCID-hu mouse model in vivo. Mol Ther 1 244—254... 

Seggewiss R, Pittaluga S, Adler RL, Guenaga FJ, Ferguson C, Pilz I, Ryu B, Sorrentino BP, Young WS, Donahue RE, von Kalle C, Nienhuis AW, Dunbar CE (2006) Acute myeloid leukemia associated with retroviral gene transfer to hematopoietic progenitor cells of a rhesus macaque. Blood 107 3865-3867... 

Semino CE, Merok JR, Crane GG et al (2003) Functional differentiation of hepatocyte-like spheroid structures from putative liver progenitor cells in three- dimensional peptide scaffolds. Differentiation 71 262-270... 

Silva GA, Czeisler C, Niece KL et al (2004) Selective differentiation of neural progenitor cells by high-epitope density nanofibers. Science 303 1352-1355... 

Wang JM, Johnston PB, Ball BG, Brinton RD. The neurosteroid allopregnano-lone promotes proliferation of rodent and human neural progenitor cells and regulates cell-cycle gene and protein expression. J Neurosci 2005 25 4706-18. 

Hematopoietic progenitor cells Bailey et al. (2006) Reseeding of a viral variant from a rare infection event of a few progenitor cells raises the possibility that the bone marrow compartment may be a source of latent provirus... 

Neural progenitor cells Lawrence et al. (2004) When nestin+ multi-potential cells are differentiated towards a neuronal lineage post-infection, there is a negligible increase in virus rephcation. When these cells were transfected with a pNL4-3 molecular clone and stimulated with TNP-a, there is an upregulation in virus production, suggestive of reactivation from latency... 

Alexaki A, Quiterio SJ, Liu Y, Irish B, RUareski E, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B (2007) PMA-induced differentiation of a bone marrow progenitor cell line activates HIV-1 LTR-dtiven transcription. DNA CeU Biol 26(6) 387-394... 

Lawrence DM, Durham LC, Schwartz L, Seth P, Marie D, Major EO (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human brain-derived progenitor cells. J Virol 78(14) 7319-7328 Li XY, Guo F, Zhang L, Kleiman L, Cen S (2007) APOBEC3G inhibits DNA strand transfer during HIV-1 reverse transcription. J Biol Chem 282(44) 32065-32074 Lin J, Cullen BR (2007) Analysis of the interaction of primate retroviruses with the human RNA interference machinery. J Virol 81(22) 12218-12226 Liu JO (2005) The yins of T cell activation. Sci STKE 2005(265) rel... 

Dawson MR, PoUto A, Levine JM, Reynolds R (2003) NG2-expressing glial progenitor cells an abundant and widespread population of cycling cells in the adult rat CNS. Mol Cell Neurosci 24 476 88... 

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