Cytokine secretion

A cytokine, secreted by TH2-cells, stimulates B-cells in different stages of their development. It may act as a growth factor or as a differentiation factor, causing B-lymphocytes to switch antibody to IgE. In T-cells it causes differentiation into TH2-cells. 

A cytokine, secreted by TH2-cells and mast cells, stimulates B-cell growth, acts as hematopoietic factor for growth factor eosinophils, and extends the life span of eosinophils. 

S1P4 Lymphoid and haematopoietic tissue Gj/o. G12/13 Proliferation and cytokine secretion in T-cells J,... 

Gelman BB, Wolf DA, Rodriguez-Wolf M et al (1997) Mononuclear phagocyte hydrolytic enzyme activity associated with cerebral HIV-1 infection. Am J Pathol 151 1437-1446 Giraudon P, Buart S, Bernard A et al (1997) Cytokines secreted by gUal cells infected with HTLV-I modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitor (TIMPs) possible involvement in neurodegenerative processes. Mol Psychiatry 2(107-10) 84... 

Gendelman HE, Persidsky Y (2005) Infections of the nervous system. Lancet Neurol 4 12-13 Gerard C, Rollins BJ (2001) Chemokines and disease. Nat Immunol 2 108-115 Gitter BD, Cox LM, Rydel RE, May PC (1995) Amyloid beta peptide potentiates cytokine secretion by interleukin-1 beta-activated human astrocytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 10738-10741 GiuUan D, Yu J, Li X, Tom D, Li J, Wendt E, Lin SN, Schwarcz R, Noonan C (1996) Study of receptor-mediated neurotoxins released by HIV-1-infected mononuclear phagocytes found in human brain. J Neurosci 16 3139-3153... 

A wide diversity of herbal remedies have purported abilities to stimulate defense functions. Complexes of carbohydrate and lignin, which are present in some herbs, modulate enteric immune functions (Kiyohara et al, 2000), and the changes in cytokine secretion (Matsumoto and Yamada, 2000) can trigger systemic responses. The polysaccharides present in other herbal medicines augment production of immunoglobulin (Ig) A by the Peyer s patches in the small intestine (Sakushima et al, 1997 Yu et al, 1998). The responses of the enteric immune system to lectins are variable (Pusztai 1993), and can elicit systemic responses (Lavelle et al, 2000). Other phytochemicals provide protection by inducing detoxification pathways in mucosal cells (Williamson et al, 1998). 

MATSUMOTO T, YAMADA H (2000) Orally administered Kampo (lapanese herbal) medicine, Juzen-Taiho-To modulates cytokine secretion in gut associated lymphoreticular tissues in mice. Phytomedicine. 6 425-30. 

Pinnaa, G. F. Fiorucci, M. Reimund, J.-M. Taquet, N. Arondel, Y. Muller, C. D. Celastrol inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in Crohn s disease biopsies. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 322, 778-786. 

Decrease in T-cell activation, decreasing cytokine secretion... 

Chemokines, a superfamily of small (8 to 14 kd) chemoattractant cytokines, were originally identified by their capacity to mediate gradient-dependent cell migration, accompanied by Ca2+ flux, in vitro. Sequence homology of mammal, bird, and fish chemokines indicates that this family of proteins is highly conserved throughout evolution. Chemokines are multifunctional molecules with a vast repertoire of specialized functions in different organs. Broadly, chemokine actions are associated with cell adhesion, cytokine secretion, cellular... 

Mosmann, T.R. and Coffman, R.L. (1989) Heterogeneity of cytokine secretion patterns and functions of helper T cells. Advances in Immunology 46, 111-147. 

Jilek S, Ulrich M, Merkle HP et al (2004) Composition and surface charge of DNA-loaded microparticles determine maturation and cytokine secretion in human dendritic cells. Pharm Res 21 1240-1247... 

Kotiranta-Ainamo, A., Rautonen, J., and Rautonen, N. Imbalanced cytokine secretion in newborns, Biol. Neonate, 85, 55, 2004. 

There is considerable interest in the role of infectious agents in the development of autoimmune diseases. Some of this interest is based on the concept of molecular mimicry as a causal mechanism. Molecular mimicry refers to the possible pathologic role of cross-reactive antibodies or T cells to a self-antigen that is structurally similar to, and thus shares epitopes with, a viral or other infectious agent. For most autoimmune diseases, however, evidence of molecular mimicry leading to disease is not conclusive.1819 Viruses and other infections also have a less-specific immune effect, stimulating toll-like receptors and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, which is another mechanism that has been postulated to influence autoimmune disease risk.20... 

Dearman, R.J. et al., Classification of chemical allergens according to cytokine secretion profiles of murine lymph node cells. J. Appl. Toxicol., 17, 53, 1997. 

Lindemann, A., Riedel, D., Oster, W., Ziegler-Heitbrock, H. W. L., Mertelsmann, R., Herrmann, F. (1989). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces cytokine secretion by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 1308-12. 

CD8 + T cells are driven by MHC class I molecules and do not require professional APC. CD 45 Ro + CD8 + T cells are increased in early infection and are often maintained in symptomatic disease however, dendritic cells are important in stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in unprimed CD8 + T cell. CD8 cells may also be subdivided based on their cytokine secretion. CD8 CTL clones produce INF-y, IL-6, TNF-a, and ILIO, whereas suppressor cells produce high levels of cytokines associated with Th-2 cells, including IL-4 and low levels of IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. 

As would be expected of active protein secreting cells, glandular epithelial tissue, the cytokine secreting cells of the immune system and the blood vessel endothelium, have an extensive internal structure consisting of rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. Peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines like all proteins are synthesized by DNA transcription and mRNA translation. The primary transcript of the mRNA may code for an inactive prohormone which requires careful proteolysis to produce the active hormone, as for example in the case of insulin. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is particularly interesting in this respect because... 

Lidstrom C, Matthiesen L, Berg G, Sharma S, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C Cytokine secretion patterns of NK cells and macrophages in early human pregnancy decidua and blood implications for suppressor macrophages in decidua. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003 50 444-452. 

IRIV-Induced Cytokine Secretion Favors Maturation of Dendritic Cells... 

Figure 3 Cytokine secretion in immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza viro-somes (IRIV)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC from a healthy donor were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg) or in the presence of IRIV (V, 1 50 diluted) or control liposomes (L, 1 50 diluted). On days 1, 2, and 4 supernatants were harvested and the concentrations of interferon-y (A), GM-CSF (B), TNF-a (C), and interleukin-4 (D) were determined by ELISA. Abbreviations GM-CSF, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a. Source From Ref. 6.

First, we incubated immature dendritic cells (iDC) in the presence or absence of IRIV and could not observe upregulation of defined maturation markers. However, iDC incubation with supernatants harvested from IRIV stimulated PBMC cultures resulted in upregulation of CD86, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I molecules, and, in most cases, also of CD83 (6). These results demonstrate that IRIV-induced cytokine secretion of PBMC indeed favors maturation of DC. 

The activation of Th cells by the APC peptide is even more complex than described above. The activation of the naive Th cell can resnlt in prodnction of one of two types of cell ThI or Th2. What determines which snbset is produced is not known. As expected, the two have different functions. This division provides some fnrther specificity in response of the immune system to a pathogen. This is achieved via the type of cytokines secreted by each type of ceU. 

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