Citation

Tiscareno-Lechuga, R, Ph.D. thesis. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, p. 53,1992. 

Introduction to the Atmlysis of Chemical Reactors, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965. 

Strickland-Constable, R. R, Chemical Thermodynamics, in H. W. Cremer and S. B. Watkins (Eds.), Chemical Engineering Practice, Vol. 8, Butterworth, London, 1965. 

1 Consider the equilibrium between solid nickel, carbon monoxide, and nickel tetracarbonyl  

For the reaction as written, the standard Gibbs free-energy change at 100°C is 1292 cal/mol when the following standard states are used  

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Clearly, the physical chemistry of surfaces covers a wide range of topics. Most of these subjects are sampled in this book, with emphasis on fundamentals and important theoretical models. With each topic there is annotation of current literature with citations often chosen because they contain bibliographies that will provide detailed source material. We aim to whet the reader s appetite for surface physical chemistry and to provide the tools for basic understanding of these challenging and interesting problems. 

In Fig. III-7 we show a molecular dynamics computation for the density profile and pressure difference P - p across the interface of an argonlike system [66] (see also Refs. 67, 68 and citations therein). Similar calculations have been made of 5 in Eq. III-20 [69, 70]. Monte Carlo calculations of the density profile of the vapor-liquid interface of magnesium how stratification penetrating about three atomic diameters into the liquid [71]. Experimental measurement of the transverse structure of the vapor-liquid interface of mercury and gallium showed structures that were indistinguishable from that of the bulk fluids [72, 73]. 

The effect can be important in mass-transfer problems (see Ref. 57 and citations therein). The Marangoni instability is often associated with a temperature gradient characterized by the Marangoni number Ma ... 

Ultrahigh vacuum techniques have become common, especially in connection with surface spectroscopic and diffraction studies, but also in adsorption on very clean surfaces. The techniques have become rather specialized and the reader is referred to Ref. 8 and citations therein. 

On atomically flat metal surfaces. See Ref. 150 for the individual literature citations. 

A catalyst may play an active role in a different sense. There are interesting temporal oscillations in the rate of the Pt-catalyzed oxidation of CO. Ertl and coworkers have related the effect to back-and-forth transitions between Pt surface structures [220] (note Fig. XVI-8). See also Ref. 221 and citations therein. More recently Ertl and co-workers have produced spiral as well as plane waves of surface reconstruction in this system [222] as well as reconstruction waves on the Pt tip of a field emission microscope as the reaction of H2 with O2 to form water occurred [223]. Theoretical simulations of these types of effects have been reviewed [224]. 

This basic instrumentation, here described within the context of spontaneous Raman scahering, may be generalized to most of the other Raman processes that are discussed. Specific details can be found in the citations. 

The fir.-fit line of the file (see Figure 2-110) - the HEADER record - hold.s the moleculc. s classification string (columns 11-50), the deposition date (the date when the data were received by the PDB) in columns 51-59, and the PDB (Dcode for the molecule, which is unique within the Protein Data Bank, in columns 63-66. The second line - the TITLE record - contains the title of the experiment or the analysis that is represented in the entry. The subsequent records contain a more detailed description of the macromolecular content of the entiy (COMPND), the biological and/or chemical source ofeach biological molecule in the entiy (SOURCE), a set ofkeywords relevant to the entiy (KEYWDS). information about the experiment (EXPDTA), a list of people responsible for the contents of this entiy (.AUTHOR), a history of modifications made to this entiy since its release (REVDAT), and finally the primaiy literature citation that describes the experiment which resulted in the deposited dataset ()RNL). 

Publications of this kind are described as non-original. They are abstracting services and handbooks that catch the primary literature, condense the important contents, and make this information available (searchable). Secondary literature is not evaluated and is provided in both printable and electronic forms. Examples are Gmelin, Beilstein, Citations Chemisches Zentralblatt, Chemical Abstracts, or Science Citation Index handbooks include Houben-Weyl, and Landolt Bomstein. 

Handbooks such as Gmelin and Beilstein are often added to the tertiary literature, due to the high degree of processing their information has undergone. However, they are used as citations, and this is why they are integrated within the secondary titerature. 

SCISEARCH contains bibliographic citations (links) to publications in science and technology. The database represents the electronic online version of the expanded Science Citation Index (SCI) and parts from the Current Contents of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). More than 5900 science and technical journals are included in the database with more than 20 million records (October, 2002). Searches can be performed on the bibliographic data, along with where, and how often, an author or publication is dted. 

Medline covers primarily biomedical literature, containing more than 13 million citations (October, 2002) of articles from more than 4600 journals published since 1958 [18]. The database covers basic biomedical research, clinical sciences, dentistry, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, pre-clinical sciences, and life science. Medline, a subset of PubMed, is a bibliographic database produced by the US Nationcil Library of Medicine (NLM). The database is available free of charge via SciFinder Scholar or PubMed [19]. 

If the query provides thousands of hits, the analyze features are particularly advantageous. One method is to analyze the results by any of the criteria that arc listed, c.g., by language (default), author names, journals, puhlication year, and so on. If one specification is selected and the choice is modified, the hit list will be updated. A more specific analysis is available with the Refine" option. where the user has the opportunity to choose one of eight criteria (including the search topics above) with further individual input. Several refinements of the hit list can reduce the result to a concise list of literature. To read the abstract of an article, the microscope button (to the right of the citation) has to be pressed (Figure 5-15). 

D images, and a variety of links to other resources bibliographic citations), the data entries are annotated by RCSB (Research CoUaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics) with additional information. 

INPADOC (International Patent Documentation Center) is the most comprehensive tttbliographic database of scientific and technological patent documents in the world. The stock encompasses more than 26 miUion patent documents, more than 59 miUion legal status data, and about 10 million patent famihes (January, 2003). The database contains more than 35 milhon patent citations from 71 patent-issuing organizations (European Patent Office, World Intellectual Property Organization (WlPO)) and is updated weekly with about 40 000 new citations. 

SCISEARCH Institute of Scientific Information, Thomson Scientific science and technology bibho. citations 20mio records 5900 journals ISI Web of Science, DIALOG, ORBIT, DIMDI, Da-taStai, STN CD-ROM, online weekly www.isinet.com http //isi2.isi-knowkdge.-com/portal.cgi... 

INPADOC European Patent Office, Vienna Branch Office, Austria international patents biblio. 26mio records, 35 mio citations, 59mio legal status patent offices STN commercial online weekly mvw.european- patent-offi- ce.org/inpadoc/... 

Consequently, we can construct a similarity measure intuitively in the following way all matches c -i- d relative to all possibilities, i.e., matches plus mismatches (c+ d) + (a -I- h), yields (c -t- d) / a + b+ c + d), which is called the simple matching coefficient [18], and equal weight is given to matches and mismatches. (Normalized similarity measures are called similarity indices or coefficients see, e.g.. Ref. [19].) When absence of a feature in both objects is deemed to convey no information, then d should not occur in a similarity measure. Omitting d from the above similarity measure, one obtains the Tanimoto (alias Jaccard) similarity measure (Eq. (8) see Ref. [16] and the citations therein) ... 

Comparative QSAR is a field currently under development by several groups. Large databases of known QSAR and 3D QSAR results have been compiled. Such a database can be used for more than simply obtaining literature citations. The analysis of multiple results for the same or similar systems can yield a general understanding of the related chemistry as well as providing a good comparison of techniques. 

Strike got the journal article for this recipe as literature citation used in the original Wacker oxidation Strike used for Method 2. In it both mercuric acetate, and to an extent, lead acetate produced ketones as described. Someone-Who-ls-Not-Strike also got a certain ketone. But maybe they were lucky or just plain wrong. Most people on Strike s site say this mercuric acetate thing... 

Luckily for all of you there were a lot of people who contributed some very nice protocols for this extremely important chemical. The first recipe below was sent to Strike unsolicited in the mail by someone named Don Antoine ( a very nice person) [150] (Note Strike was not given a complete citation with the article and so can only give a partial reference for this article. Sorry) ... 

If the same alkyl group occurs more than once as a side chain, this is indicated by the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. Side chains are cited in alphabetical order (before insertion of any multiplying prefix). The name of a complex radical (side chain) is considered to begin with the first letter of its complete name. Where names of complex radicals are composed of identical words, priority for citation is given to that radical which contains the lowest-numbered locant at the first cited point of difference in the radical. If two or more side chains are in equivalent positions, the one to be assigned the lowest-numbered locant is that cited first in the name. The complete expression for the side chain may be enclosed in parentheses for clarity or the carbon atoms in side chains may be indicated by primed locants. 

Listed in order of decreasing priority for citation as principal group or parent name. 

Acyl Halides. Acyl halides, in which the hydroxyl portion of a carboxyl group is replaced by a halogen, are named by placing the name of the corresponding halide after that of the acyl radical. When another group is present that has priority for citation as principal group or when the acyl halide is attached to a side chain, the prefix haloformyl- is used as, for example, in fiuoro-formyl-. 

An aldehyde group is denoted by the prefix formyl- when it is attached to a nitrogen atom in a ring system or when a group having priority for citation as principal group is present and part of a cyclic system. 

When the parent molecules connected by the azo group are different, azo is placed between the complete names of the parent molecules, substituted or unsubstituted. Locants are placed between the affix azo and the names of the molecules to which each refers. Preference is given to the more complex parent molecule for citation as the first component, e.g., 2-aminonaphthalene-l-azo-(4 -chloro-2 -methy Ibenzene). 

Compounds of the type RO—Y—OR, where the two parent compounds are identical and contain a group having priority over ethers for citation as suffix, are named as assemblies of identical units. For example, HOOC—CH2—O—CH2CH2—O—CH2—COOH is named 2,2 -(ethylene-dioxy)diacetic acid. 

Radicofunctional nomenclature can be used when a carbonyl group is attached directly to carbon atoms in two ring systems and no other substituent is present having priority for citation. 

When another group having higher priority for citation as principal group is also present, the ketonic oxygen may be expressed by the prefix 0x0-, or one can use the name of the carbonyl-containing radical, as, for example, acyl radicals and oxo-substituted radicals. Examples are... 

In order of decreasing priority for citation of a functional class name, and the prefix for substitutive nomenclature, are the following related compounds ... 

Ester groups in R —CO—OR compounds are named (1) by the prefix alkoxycarbonyl- or aryloxycarbonyl- for —CO—OR when the radical R contains a substituent with priority for citation as principal group or (2) by the prefix acyloxy- for R —CO—O— when the radical R contains a substituent with priority for citation as principal group. Examples are... 

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