Low Temperature Gradient

Notice, that with these extremely good resolutions in case of surface sensing contamination of the sensitive layer with solid particles has to be avoided completely, e.g. by an appropriate filtering of the sample solutions. Notice also that the temperature coefficient of the refractive index of water is about 10-4 per °C. So if applying the surface sensing mode using watery solutions indeed a perfect balance of both branches and low temperature gradients have to be aimed at. 

In the case of flows of polyethylene-based keroplast melts, the pressure profile along the channel length stayed linear. Calculations demonstrated that this is obviously explained by a relatively minor dependence of the composition viscosity on the temperature. The q value changes along the channel length by not more than two times. In a PE-keroplast flow in the low temperature gradient channels, pressure loss values are practically the same as in the isothermic flows. They can be calculated in compliance with the methods explained in Sect. 3. 

The test was run for a total of 100 hours. The preconverter was cycled back to room temperature and inspected at 5-hr intervals 19 times, with no failure detected in the mounting system. The ceramic substrate maintained its original position, the seals rigidized and remained attached to the mat, and the mat was not eroded. Given the low GTE of EX-22 substrate and the low temperature gradients in the close-coupled location, thermal durability did not pose a problem. 

Temperate maritime areas are usually forested, resulting in low wind speeds. The mild temperatures, combined with a thick snowpack, lead to a very low temperature gradient, of the order of 2 to 5 °C.m except near the surface, where daily temperature variations can lead to elevated transient gradients that change sign during the day. The density of the maritime snowpack usually increases monotonously with depth. 

Small layers in muffle furnaces with low temperature gradients, but long hea cycle... 

Unlike the traditional methods of titanium melting, VAR and EBR, the electroslag process is characterized by comparatively low-temperature, non-concentrated heat source, which is a slag pool and, respectively, a low temperature gradient in a metallurgical pool. This influences favorably the homogeneity of multicomponent titanium alloys. 

One of the major operational problems in batch (or continuous) crystallization is the fouling (or incrustation) of crystals on the heat transfer surfaces. This is because the supersaturation is normally highest near these surfaces. Once the deposition of crystals takes place on these surfaces, the accumulation of crystal deposits can increase rapidly, resulting in a severe fouling problem of the heat transfer equipment. To minimize this fouling problem, one needs to maintain sufficient agitation and a low-temperature gradient on the heat transfer surface. For batch crystallization, the... 

Subsequently, the gas flows through a reflux cooler located on top, which is temperature-controlled to the correct saturation temperature. The excess liquid condenses and flows back into the evaporator below. The heat exchange area is sufficient to cool the gas down to the desired temperature and to remove the condensation heat. Aerosols at the outlet of the recondenser need not be feared because the cooling process takes place relatively slowly, that is, at low temperature gradients. This results in large droplets or condensation on the wall, which can easily be separated. 

The extremdy low temperature gradient for the directly cooled processes is due to the fact that the large geometric surface area of the catalyst itself is the area of contact between tfie cooling medjum and the catalyst. In the cases of indirect cooling, the heat-transfer coefficient is based on the area > Leva, Ind. Eng. Chem., 42 (12), 2498 (19S0). 

Sinking of the isotherms at about 490 Ma was due to climate cooling, which continued up to the Early Carboniferous. The subsequent rise of the isotherms at 490-350 Ma was due to the transition from low-temperature gradients in the basement (high thermal conductivity) to higher temperature gradients in the sedimentary cover (low thermal conductivity). 

Other high-temperature applications of alkali metals are in the field of heat or energy transfer. Heat pipe make use of the latent heat of evaporation and condensation of the alkali metals. The advantage of these devices to transfer energy is the low temperature gradient between the heat source and the sink. The application of different alkali metals allows the use of heat pipe in the temperature range of 400 to nearly 1500 °C... 

A certain disadvantage of using tubes is the low heat conductivity of polymer tube materials and the comparatively high thicknesses of tube walls. This leads to low temperature gradients. As a result, the outside temperature must be adapted to the flow rate-dependent heat required inside the tube and the heat transfer conditions in the tube wall. 

B. Wermke, and U. Becker, 1990, Crystalline and chemical quality of CdTe and Cdi fZnfVe grown by the Bridgman method in low temperature gradients ,/. Cryst. Growth 1(H, 275-280. 

Neuhert, M. Pietsch, 2003, Setni-insulating 4 6-inch GaAs crystals grown in low temperature gradients hy the VCz method ,/. Ceram. Proc. Res. 4, 1-8. 

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