Under development

In new developments, test separators may be substituted by multiphase metering devices which can quantitatively measure volumes of oil, gas and water without the need of separation. This technology is under development. 

Introduction and commercial application Investment opportunities in the exploration and production (E P) sector of oil and gas business are abundant. Despite areas such as the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Slope in Alaska being mature areas, there are still many new fields under development in those regions, and new areas of business interest are opening up in South America, Africa and South East Asia. Some fields which have a production history of decades are being redeveloped, such as the Pedernales Field in Venezuela. 

A promising technique currently under development is downhole separation whereby a device similar to a hydrocyclone separates oil and water in the well bore. The water is subsequently compressed into a zone beneath the producing interval and only the oil is produced to surface. 

A new system from Agfa Gaevert which is under development for special NDT-... 

This Is still under development with the following characteristics compared to the high energy version ... 

AFM measures the spatial distribution of the forces between an ultrafme tip and the sample. This distribution of these forces is also highly correlated with the atomic structure. STM is able to image many semiconductor and metal surfaces with atomic resolution. AFM is necessary for insulating materials, however, as electron conduction is required for STM in order to achieve tiumelling. Note that there are many modes of operation for these instruments, and many variations in use. In addition, there are other types of scaiming probe microscopies under development. 

In order to make END better suited to the application of low energy events it is important to include an explicitly correlated description of the electron dynamics. Therefore multiconfigurational [25] augmentations of the minimal END are under development. 

While the classical approach to simulation of slow activated events, as described above, has received extensive attention in the literature and the methods are in general well established, the methods for quantum-dynamical simulation of reactive processes in complex systems in the condensed phase are still under development. We briefly consider electron and proton quantum dynamics. 

Conformational Adjustments The conformations of protein and ligand in the free state may differ from those in the complex. The conformation in the complex may be different from the most stable conformation in solution, and/or a broader range of conformations may be sampled in solution than in the complex. In the former case, the required adjustment raises the energy, in the latter it lowers the entropy in either case this effect favors the dissociated state (although exceptional instances in which the flexibility increases as a result of complex formation seem possible). With current models based on two-body potentials (but not with force fields based on polarizable atoms, currently under development), separate intra-molecular energies of protein and ligand in the complex are, in fact, definable. However, it is impossible to assign separate entropies to the two parts of the complex. 

Program systems for computer-assisted organic synthesis (CAOS) have been under development since the early 1970s [27]. The program systems for computer-assisted synthesis planning can be subdivided into two groups information-oriented and logic-oriented systems [28]. 

Dolg Also called Stuttgart sets, this is a collection of ECP sets currently under development by Dolg and coworkers. These sets are popular for heavy main group elements. 

Comparative QSAR is a field currently under development by several groups. Large databases of known QSAR and 3D QSAR results have been compiled. Such a database can be used for more than simply obtaining literature citations. The analysis of multiple results for the same or similar systems can yield a general understanding of the related chemistry as well as providing a good comparison of techniques. 

NWChem (we tested Version 3.2.1) is a program for ah initio, band-structure, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics calculations. The DFT band-structure capability is still under development and was not included in the Linux version tested. NWChem is unique in that it was designed from scratch for efficient parallel execution. The user agreement is more restrictive than most, apparently because the code is still under active development. At the time of this book s publication, limited support was available for users outside of the EMSL facility. 

The ah initio methods available include HF, DFT, MPn, MCSCF, Cl, and CC. In the version tested, the Cl methods were still under development. There are a large number of basis sets available, including ECP sets. Dynamic calculations can be performed at ah initio levels of theory. 

At the time of this review, a new graphic user interface was under development. Jaguar can also be purchased as part of the Titan program, which combines Jaguar with the Spartan graphic interface. An orbital viewer for Jaguar is available from Serena Software. 

Our reviewer felt the molecule builder was easy to use. It is set up for organic molecules. Specialized building modes are available for peptides, nucleotides, and carbohydrates. It is also possible to impose constraints on the molecular geometry. Functions are accessed via a separate window with buttons labeled with abbreviated names. This layout is convenient to use, but not completely self-explanatory. The program is capable of good-quality rendering. At the time of this book s publication, a new three-dimensional graphic user interface called Maestro was under development. 

Maintenance of conditions ia the culture environment that keep stress to a minimum is one of the best methods of a voiding diseases. Vacciaes have beea developed agaiast several diseases and more are under development. Selective breeding of animals with disease resistance has met with only limited success. Good sanitation and disiafection of contaminated faciUties are important avoidance and control measure. Some disiafectants are Hsted ia Table 6. Poad soils can be sterilized with burnt lime (CaO), hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2], or chlorine compounds (12). 

Sasol produces synthetic fuels and chemicals from coal-derived synthesis gas. Two significant variations of this technology have been commercialized, and new process variations are continually under development. Sasol One used both the fixed-bed (Arge) process, operated at about 240°C, as weU as a circulating fluidized-bed (Synthol) system operating at 340°C. Each ET reactor type has a characteristic product distribution that includes coproducts isolated for use in the chemical industry. Paraffin wax is one of the principal coproducts of the low temperature Arge process. Alcohols, ketones, and lower paraffins are among the valuable coproducts obtained from the Synthol process. 

Newer coal-based methods of acetylene manufacture under development include the AVCO process, based on the reaction of coal in a hydrogen plasma. Finely divided coal is passed through a hydrogen plasma arc generating temperature gradients of up to 15,000 K. About 67% of the coal is consumed, yielding char and acetylene in concentrations up to 16%. An energy requirement of 9.5 kW h/kg acetylene has been reported (33). 

Because of poor therm oform ability, there are relatively few apphcations for polypropylene sheet. New soHd-phase pressure forming (SPPE) techniques are under development for forming PP sheet. Polypropylene is used in coextmded sheet to some extent for food packaging containers. Glass-filled, wood-filled, or other modified polypropylene sheet materials are used in limited automotive apphcations. 

United States Pharmacopeia. Reference standards are requited in many USP and NF tests, and in a few FCC tests. The USPC distributes such standards domestically and has authorized international distribution by a number of organizations or companies. There are well over 1000 USP Reference Standards, including several for melting points, and also specimens of narcotics and other controlled substances. New standards are constantly under development as needed in various USP, NF, and FCC testing methods. 

Medical appHcations of PFC emulsions for organ perfusion and intravenous uses have received much attention in recent years. The first commercial blood substitute (Fluosol DA 20%, trademark of the Green Cross Corp.) employed perfluorodecalin, and improved, second generation products based on this PFC, or perfluorooctylbromide, are now under development (20,21). The relatively high oxygen dissolving capabiHty of PFCs undedies these appHcations (see Blood, artificial). 

Attempts have been made to perform thermal retorting ia a gas barrier flexible pouch or tray. The retort pouch, under development for many years, has a higher surface-to-volume ratio than a can and employs a heat seal rather than a mechanical closure. Similarly, plastic retort trays have higher surface-to-volume ratios and are usually heat seal closed. Plastic cans iatended for microwave reheating are composed of bodies fabricated from multilayer plastic including a high oxygen barrier material, plus double-seam aluminum closures. 

LPC Processes. Process development for LPC production dates from the United Kingdom and Hungary from 1920—1940 (89,90). Table 9 presents some of the processing methods that are used or under development in the 1990s. 

Synthetic water-spHtting membranes that contain the biochemical and other catalysts necessary to form hydrogen also are under development. 

Chemical iajections iato piae trees have been reported to have stimulatory effects on the natural production of resias and terpenes and may result ia high yields of these valuable chemicals. Combiaed oleoresin—timber production ia mixed stands of piae and timber trees is under development, and it appears that when short-rotation forestry is used, the yields of energy products and timber can be substantially higher than the yields from separate operations. 

Lujuefaction. Eigure 21 outlines most of the biomass Hquefaction methods under development. There are essentially three basic types of biomass Hquefaction technologies, ie, fermentation, natural, and thermochemical processes. 

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