Patentability issues

INPADOC (International Patent Documentation Center) is the most comprehensive tttbliographic database of scientific and technological patent documents in the world. The stock encompasses more than 26 miUion patent documents, more than 59 miUion legal status data, and about 10 million patent famihes (January, 2003). The database contains more than 35 milhon patent citations from 71 patent-issuing organizations (European Patent Office, World Intellectual Property Organization (WlPO)) and is updated weekly with about 40 000 new citations. 

The World Patent Index of Derwent Information Ltd. is a broad collection of international value-added patent documents from 40 patent-issuing authorities. The bibliographic database contains 11.6 million patent records with 5.5 million images (October, 2002) and grows by 1.5 million patent documents each year. The classified and indexed documents (since 1963) are sometimes provided wdth additional abstracts or significant titles. 

We conclude this chapter and wrap up the last three chapters with a few remarks about the application of the ideas contained herein to polymer technology. Chapters 2-4 have been concerned with various aspects of the mechanical states of polymers. The opinion was expressed in Chap. 1 that if polymers did not possess the mechanical properties they have, this whole class of compounds might be relegated to the category of laboratory curiosities. On the basis of any number of criteria-the number of scientists employed, the number of industries involved, the number of publications released, the number of patents issued—polymer science proves to be very viable indeed. 

Polymerization. The first successful polymerizations of VDE in aqueous medium using peroxide initiators at 20—150°C and pressures above 30 MPa were described in a patent issued in 1948 (73). About a year later, the first copolymerizations of VDE with ethylene and halogenated ethylenes were also patented (74). After a hiatus of over 12 years a commercially feasible process was developed and PVDE was ready for market introduction (2). 

A fuU listing of aU U.S. patents issued between Febmary 1970 through Febmary 1981 is given in Reference 26. Similar related material on membranes, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis can be found in References 46—49. 

OG/PLUS USPTO Research PubHcations CD-ROM versioa of the USPTO Official Gazette covers 1990—preseat iacludes searchable subfiles PATENTS ISSUED, images of O.G. pages searchable by bibHographic fields and first page abstract PATENT STATUS Ede, track-iag post-issuance actions, eg, reexaminations, corrections and LITALERT, containing records of patent suits filed by U.S. District Courts with the USPTO updated monthly six disks/year... 

Ultramarine Pigments. Ultramarines are derived from lazurite [1302-85-8] (lapis lazuli), a semiprecious stone, which was the natural source of ultramarine blue for hundreds of years. Ultramarines can be prepared in many shades. Examples of commercially significant ones ate ultramarine blue, ultramarine violet, and ultramarine pink. The ultramarine pigment having a green shade can also be prepared but it is not commercially available. The first German patent issued in 1877 was for the manufacture of ultramarine red (42). 

The Platinum Group Metal Reviews is a specialized review series focusiag on the new developments and uses of PGMs. Each issue also provides a brief description of recent patents issued ia the field. 

Esterification. Extensive commercial use is made of primary amyl acetate, a mixture of 1-pentyl acetate [28-63-7] and 2-metliylbutyl acetate [53496-15-4]. Esterifications with acetic acid are generally conducted in the Hquid phase in the presence of a strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid (34). Increased reaction rates are reported when esterifications are carried out in the presence of heteropoly acids supported on macroreticular cation-exchange resins (35) and 2eohte (36) catalysts in a heterogeneous process. Judging from the many patents issued in recent years, there appears to be considerable effort underway to find an appropriate soHd catalyst for a reactive distillation esterification process to avoid the product removal difficulties of the conventional process. 

Most of the compounds in this class have been prepared from preexisting crown ether units. By far, the most common approach is to use a benzo-substituted crown and an electrophilic condensation polymerization. A patent issued to Takekoshi, Scotia and Webb (General Electric) in 1974 which covered the formation of glyoxal and chloral type copolymers with dibenzo-18-crown-6. The latter were prepared by stirring the crown with an equivalent of chloral in chloroform solution. Boron trifluoride was catalyst in this reaction. The polymer which resulted was obtained in about 95% yield. The reaction is illustrated in Eq. (6.22). 

A iD-Corticoids have been important intermediates since it was shown ° that substitution at C-9 enhances anti-inflammatory activity. These olefins are usually obtained from 11a- or 11)5-alcohols, and consequently several refined methods have been devised for effecting this dehydration. It is desirable that such methods be compatible with the presence of A" -3-ketone and 17-hydroxy functions. The first direct procedure for which high yields were claimed was described in a patent issued to Upjohn. According to this method, the alcohol (11a or )5) is treated first with A-bromoacetamide in pyridine, then with sulfur dioxide. Recently it has been claimed " that the A-haloamide/sulfur dioxide method gives results superior to other methods, although the methanesulfonyl chloride/sulfur dioxide procedure (see below) apparently was not compared (see also ref. 94). 

In a German patent issued in 1929, Bergs described a synthesis of some 5-substituted hydantoins by treatment of aldehydes or ketones (1) with potassium cyanide, ammonium carbonate, and carbon dioxide under several atmospheres of pressure at 80°C. In 1934, Bucherer et al. isolated a hydantoin derivative as a by-product in their preparation of cyanohydrin from cyclohexanone. They subsequently discovered that hydantoins could also be formed from the reaction of cyanohydrins (e.g. 3) and ammonium carbonate at room temperature or 60-70°C either in water or in benzene. The use of carbon dioxide under pressure was not necessary for the reaction to take place. Bucherer and Lieb later found that the reaction proceeded in 50% aqueous ethanol in excellent yields for ketones and good yields for aldehydes. ... 

A rather unusual application for a military perchlorate expl is covered by a US patent issued to Frazer et al (Ref 16) on producing... 

In 1993, the di-D-fructose dianhydrides were summarized as being of little, if any, commercial importance. 73 However, a search of the literature reveals an appreciable number of patents issued since 1989 for the manufacture of these compounds. These include enzymic methods for the production of individual dianhydrides (Ref. 130) or methods of production of mixtures using anhydrous HF or pyridinium poly(hydrogen fluoride) (see Ref. 131). Most cite the di-D-fructose dianhydrides as low-calorie sweetening agents (Ref. 132), and some claim anti-cariogenic properties (Refs. 132 and 133). 

Monsanto Patents. A process for HIPS is described in the patent issued to Carter and Simon (35)and is illustrated in Fig. 20. There are two reactors an anchor agitated CSTR and a reflux cooled LFR. Both reactors can be operated at variable and controllable tillage so that a given product can be made over a range of rates. 

In the sixties of past century, a few patents issued to Bergbau Chemie [5,48,49] and to Mobil Oil [50-52], respectively described the use of CFPs as supports for catalytically active metal nanoclusters and as carriers for heterogenized metal complexes of catalytic relevance. For the latter catalysts the term hybrid phase catalysts later came into use [53,54], At that time coordination chemistry and organo-transition metal chemistry were in full development. Homogeneous transition metal catalysis was expected to grow in industrial relevance [54], but catalyst separation was generally a major problem for continuous processing. That is why the concept of hybrid catalysis became very popular in a short time [55]. 

The foregoing reaction scheme had been described in a patent issued in 1934 to Clemmensen (9), who prepared certain organic esters of thiophosphoric acid embodying both aromatic and aliphatic radicals. These esters are claimed as new compositions of matter useful as fire retardants. Parathion itself is not specifically described in the patent. 

Derwent International Patent Family File and U.S. Patents Full Text. Derwent International Patent Family File (DIPF) [75] provides access to 20 million patents issued by 40 patent-issuing authorities, covering more than 10 million inventions as far back as 1963. The DIPF is linked to U.S. Patents Full-Text (US-PAT) [75]. US-PAT contains the full text of more than 2 million patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office since 1976. DIPF and US-PAT are available on the commercial online service Westlaw. 

If it is desirable to reuse the oil, then more efficient oil-water separators utilizing heating and nebulization techniques will be needed. U.S. patents issued to Weber and colleagues42 and Wang and colleagues43 make use of such techniques. 

Very much the same study, with the same results, was carried out by Sinclair and Brown-Wensley at 3M prior to our investigation. This work came to our attention when the U.S. patent issued Brown-Wensley, K. A. Sinclair, R. A. U. S. patent 4,537,942 (Aug. 27, 1985). 

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