Data entry

The ciphered code is indicated with a defined length, i.e., a fixed hit/byte length. A hash code of 32 bits could have 2 (or 4 294 976 296) possible values, whereas one of 64 bits could have 2 values, However, due to tbe fixed length, several diverse data entries could assign the same hash code ( address collision ), The probability of collision rises if the number of input data is increased in relation to the range of values (bit length). In fact, the limits of hash coding are reached with about 10 000 compounds with 32 bits and over 100 million with 64 bits, to avoid collisions in databases [97. ... 

Thus the hash code is not used as a direct way to access data rather it serves as an index or key to the filed data entry (Figure 2-66). Since hash coding receives unique codes by reducing multidimensional data to only one dimension, information gets lo.st. Thi.s los.s prevents a recon.struction of the complete data from the hash code. 

D images, and a variety of links to other resources bibliographic citations), the data entries are annotated by RCSB (Research CoUaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics) with additional information. 

The distribution disk with this book includes a folder entitled BNLDATA which contains the file bnlgener.xls, a spreadsheet in EXCEL format. It is a collection of failure rate data drawn from many sources. The file refem.txt contains the references to the table s data. There are 1,311 data entries many cite different estimates by different organizations for the failure rate of the same... 

The customer will advise on the format of the advanced shipment notification (ASN). A computerized system will give you flexibility such that you are able to transmit the information immediately the shipment is loaded. You could use a fax machine as your backup since transmission is nearly as fast but this is likely to present the customer with data-handling problems. A computerized transmission feeds the data directly onto the customer database, by-passing the manual data-entry stage. Your backup system should do the same in order that your customer perceives no noticeable change in the information. 

The applicability of these findings for actual operational tasks was evaluated by considering the incidence of data entry errors recorded by the on-line plant computer system over the 24-hour shift cycles. It was judged that the data entry task, which involved evaluating the set point changes needed for... 

Easy screen-based data entry of related task details ... 

Numbers can appear outside the white data entry windows for informa-... 

The software is written in the C language on an Atari ST microcomputer (1) and utilizes a GEM graphics user interface which features mouse control, windows, pulldown menus, and pop up alert and data entry boxes. The system could be ported to the IBM PC under the GEM operating system if the need were to arise. 

The spread of technology at pharmaceutical companies also meant that secretaries were given word processors (such as the Wang machines) to use in addition to typewriters, which were still needed for filling out forms. Keyboarding was the domain of the secretaries, the data entry technicians, and the computational chemists. Only a few managers and scientists would type their own memos and articles. 

Multiple options for data input, the most important of which are machine read and thus obviate the bottleneck that often occurs in data entry. The two main options are Optical Mark Read (bubble) forms, and Smart-Pen , a special pen with an optical sensor that records each keystroke (Fig. 23.2). Both utilize paper case report forms, for which sites have indicated a strong preference over the requirement to enter data on a keyboard. 

A major complaint of clinical sites is the difficulty and time required for data entry (when they have to enter the data through a keyboard) and the effort required to resolve queries, which are often returned weeks or even months after a patient visit. Machine-read data, whether collected by optical mark read or SmartPen , ensure that data are both entered and validated, with queries returned, in a matter of minutes after they are recorded. Coupled with a quick feedback loop, this system ensures that query rates are typically about one-tenth those for web-based EDC systems and even lower for paper-and-hand entry systems. This system also highlights recurring problems and areas of potential improvement that may impair study timeliness and quality. 

Close tracking of data entry means that performance measures can be tracked and managed. Such measures typically include query rates (which can be tracked by site, investigator, quesiton, and any comparators), time to respond to queries, rate of query rejection, and the like, and they provide an opportunity to identify and correct performance issues, whether associated with an individual site or study or a program. This capability alone provides a powerful tool by which sites throughout the world can be closely monitored. 

Paper Data Collection with Centralized Interactive Data Entry... 

Paper Data Collection with Centralized Batch Data Entry Paper Data Collection with Direct Data Transfer to Centralized DMS... 

Enter forms into electronic files with double-key high-seed data entry. 

Enter forms into electronic raw data files with doublekey high-seed data entry and process them through a computer system. 

Pure paper-based data collection systems are inefficient in that they require large data editing overhead. Personnel at the central location must perform visual inspections of forms, compare them against the shipping log, convey submission errors and omissions to the participating sites, visually edit the major identifiers, visually inspect for completion and legibility, log the received forms, and send the received forms that pass visual inspections to data entry... 

Staff. The data entry staff enters the data into electronic text files with doublekey data entry software. Then these files are released to the trial data management programmer. 

The user logs into the system with valid user id and password credentials from any computer connected to the network. The instantaneous access of the user to the centralized database enables direct entry of the data into a centralized database, whether with LAN, WAN, or VPN. Remote data entry... 

The local user performs data entry by directly entering data into the system s database stored on the local computer with customized electronic forms. The system performs edit checks, which include range, across-form, and across-visit checks at the time of entry. This feature greatly reduces data error rates. 

The use of wireless computer systems has gain popularity in data collection for clinical trials. They have been used as a substitute for normal paper-based patient diaries (Koop et al. [19]) to increase data quality and shorten the time needed to close the database. They have also been used for mobile interviewing [20] and for bedside data collection [21]. In patient-directed data entry, subjects are given handheld computers to answer the trial s questions (Clarke et al. [22]). 

Web-based data collection and management systems provide a mechanism for remote data entry, where entered data are added to a centralized database once the submit button is pressed. They can be designed to automate the various aspects of clinical trials such as eligibility evaluation, data collection, and tracking specimens. They also serve as a resource site for participating sites to access trial-specific information, facilitate communication, track data queries and their resolutions, and allow administrative management of trials [28, 29]. For these reasons, they play an important role in facilitating the conduct of international clinical trials. 

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