Citations challenging

Clearly, the physical chemistry of surfaces covers a wide range of topics. Most of these subjects are sampled in this book, with emphasis on fundamentals and important theoretical models. With each topic there is annotation of current literature with citations often chosen because they contain bibliographies that will provide detailed source material. We aim to whet the reader s appetite for surface physical chemistry and to provide the tools for basic understanding of these challenging and interesting problems. 

In contrast, a real challenge is the analysis of scattering images from anisotropic materials, and in this subarea many scientists surrender and resort to the interpretation of peak positions and peak widths in raw data (cf. citation of P. Debye on p. 1). So after having advanced by learning how to analyze curves, in the field of anisotropic materials we are now in a similar situation as science has been in 1931 in respect to isotropic data. 

Consider the following sets of sentences adapted from two research proposals. In each set, determine which sentence is the opening sentence of move 2. Use the move structure in figure 12.1 to assign a move to the other sentence. (Note Citations have been removed to make this exercise more challenging.)... 

In summary, LC-MS offers excellent sensitivity for many classes of pharmaceutical compounds. Due to the fact that MS is becoming more routine (i.e., it is essentially another detector), LC-MS should be the first consideration for all cleaning verification assays that are less than 0.1 pg/swab. In the citations outlined above, LC-MS has been shown to offer excellent sensitivity and specificity for the analytes of interest. The mass spectrometric conditions can be optimized in a flow injection mode to allow for rapid method development. All LC-MS analytical methods were validated in a way consistent with the requirements outlined in Table 15.3. The applications cited utilized LC-MS because of the sensitivity requirements of the safety acceptance limits however, if the molecule of interest poses unique detection challenges such as a poor chromophote, LC-MS should be considered for assays at the level of 1.0 ig/unit area, or less. Above 1.0 xg/unit area there may be more attractive options for these swab determinations. 

Ian Sutton stated, Some companies choose to challenge citations, even when the fine is small. He indicated that up to 80 percent of the citations that were challenged were rejected on the grounds that there were errors that invalidated the citation. He suggests another reason to contest a citation which has a modest fine of say 5,000, is that in the unlikely event of a second citation, the second fine may be escalated to 50,000 as a repeat violation. [26]... 

I ve been fortunate enough to have made some interesting contributions in the later stages of this development. Several of these have become very popular, and the citations reflect that others find these experiments useful. In retrospect, many of these popular experiments really were rather straightforward, whereas some of our more challenging work has not become very popular yet. 

Lloyd CM, T Delaney, T Nguyen, J Tian, AC Martinez, AJ Coyle, JC Gutierrez-Ramos. 2000. CC chemokine receptor (CCR)3/eotaxin is followed by CCR4/ monocyte-derived chemokine in mediating pulmonary T helper lymphocyte type-2 recruitment after serial antigen challenge in vivo [in process citation]. J Exp Med... 

If the OSHA inspector believes that a violation of the standard has taken place, he or she may choose to issue one or more citations. (Management then has to decide whether or not to challenge the citation.)... 

CHALLENGING CITATIONS, PENALTIES, AND OTHER ENFORCEMENT MEASURES... 

Finding the appropriate documents is relatively easy given the scope and depth of the Internet. To retrieve, organize, and be able to provide references and proper citations is the challenge. 

Miners or their representatives may appeal the issuance, modification, or termination of any order issued under Section 104 of the Mine Act. They can apply for reinstatement, modification, or vacation of a 107 imminent danger order. They can also challenge the abatement time or modification of a citation. Such appeals must be filed with the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission within 30 days of the MSHA decision/action. Mine operators also have the same right to an appeal. During a commission review, miners are afforded the opportunity to be a party to or to testify in any enforcement action contested by the operator of the mine. Miners also have a right to a copy of MSHA s initial review of a citation or order, to submit additional evidence, and to request and attend a conference to review the citation. 

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