Basic instrumentation

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. The primary advantage of capillary electrophoresis can be found in the simplicity of the instrument. Basic experimental components include a high-voltage power supply, two buffer reservoirs, a fused silica capillary, and a detector. The basic setup is usually completed with enhanced features such as multiple injection devices, autosamplers, sample and capillary temperature controls, programmable power supplies, multiple detectors, fraction collection, and computer interfacing. 

A CEC instrument basically consists of a system for injection (pressure driven or electrokinetic), a column in which the separation takes place, a detector and a high voltage supply (Fig. 16.1). The most commonly used detector so far has been UV with transmission through the capillary outside of the packed bed. Laser induced fluorescence detection has been employed in several studies. Also, mass-spectrometry has been used. Normally, isocratic CEC is performed, but approaches to gradient CEC have been reported [29]. However, special equipment must be employed in most cases. 

Figures 7-2 and 7-3 illustrate three commercial instruments. Basically, they all adhere to the design principles described above, but they differ in detail and...

Microwave Instrumentation Basics Multi- and Single-Mode Cavities.415... 

MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION BASICS MULTI- AND SINGLE-MODE CAVITIES... 

Despite the fact that signals from molecules may be coming from thousands of light years away, a quantitative analysis can be performed on interstellar gas through the use of radio telescopes and their remote sensing capabilities. Such telescopes at first glance may seem an odd tool for a chemist, but these instruments basically exploit fundamental principles of molecular spectroscopy in a manner similar, but not identical, to a laboratory spectrometer. 

The direct-printing process does not require any sophisticated instrumentation. Basically, two pieces of equipment are required as fundamental tools a computer equipped with graphic software (e.g., Corel Draw, AutoCad, Macromedia FreeHand, or Microsoft Power Point) and a laser printer (although different brands provide different results as will be discussed later). Accessories such as an office laminator, a heating press (T-shirt transfer machine), and a paper driller represent the low-cost tools we have used. Finally, polyester films (transparency films or overhead projector films), wax paper sheets, a commercially available toner cartridge, microscope slides (glass) and CDs are the consumables, since they are used to produce microchips, microelectrodes, and integrated systems at very low cost. 

FIGURE 2.7 Fundamental structure of an electromagnetic flowmeter. (Reproduced from Nevunan M.R. 1986. In J.D. Bronzino (Ed.), Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation Basic Concepts and Applications, Boston, PWS Publishers. With permission.)... 

Molin, L. and Traldi, P. (2007) in A. CappieUo (ed). Advances in LC—MS Instrumentation, Basic aspects of electrospray ionization, J. Chromatogr. Lihr., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 72 Kapitel 1, S1-S9. 

Valves, piping, and vessels Pumps, compressors, fans, and blowers Steam turbines and motors Heat exchangers and cooling towers Boilers and furnaces Reactors and distillation columns Instrumentation Basic hand tools Lubrication, bearings, and seals Flares, mixers, and steam traps... 

The mass spectrometer (Section 3.6.2) has become a very important detector in gas chromatography. The mass spectrometry (MS) instrument basically consists of an ionization unit (ion source), a mass/charge (m/z) separation unit (analyzer), and an ion detector. The MS is a mass-sensitive detector, where the signal (S) depends on... 

Analog instruments basically consist of analog circuits, either linear or non-linear. Some logic functions, however, may also be present. ... 

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