Formatting Citations and References

An author should cite those publications that have been influential in determining the nature of the reported work and that will guide the reader quickly to earlier works that are essential for understanding the present investigation. 

Citation An authoritative source referred to in the text to indicate work that has influenced the current work or that provides essential background information. 

The seriousness of properly compiling and formatting citations and references is predictably emphasized in Information for Authors documents. The excerpts below serve as vital reminders of the importance of checking relevant guidelines before hnalizing citations and references in your written work  

Authors should be judicious in citing the literature unnecessarily long lists of references should be avoided. (Author Information,/ Org. Chem. 2007, 72, I6A) 

Avoid references to works that have not been peer-reviewed. (Instructions to Authors, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 30) 

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After you have completed a good draft, insert citations and begin your reference list (if you have notstarted italready). Refer to chapter 17forguidelines on formatting citations and references. 

There is no single way to format citations and references. Authors are responsible for determining and then following the appropriate formatting conventions for their work. 

Chapter 16 Formatting Figures, Tables, and Schemes Chapter 17 Formatting Citations and References Chapter 18 Finalizing Your Written Work... 

Section 2 of the textbook includes chapters that are relevant to the four genres covered in section 1. In these chapters, you will learn to format tables, hgures, and schemes (chapter 16) as well as citations and references (chapter 17). In the last chapter (chapter 18), you will End useful hints for the hnal stages of revision for all your written work. 

Are citations and references formatted in a parallel fashion Have you used only one citation format throughout (superscript numbers, italic numbers in parentheses, or author-date format) ... 

Foamed cement slurries have been used to provide a low density cement slurry to reduce permeability damage to highly sensitive formations through reduced fluid loss (29). Glass microspheres have also been used to substantially reduce cement slurry density (30, 31). Other additives which reduce cement slurry density to a lesser extent include bentonite, fly ash, silicates, perlite, gilsonite, diatomaceous earth, and oil emulsions (see citations in reference 29). 

This value is recorded as 40.2 2.1 in Reference 2, but not credited. The citation in Reference 2 is for the enthalpy of formation only, from Reference 18. In tiie latter study, tiie authors credit Reference 9 for the enthalpy of vaporization. Both 40.2 and 40.2 2.1 with different cited sources have appeared together in compilations, suggesting they are independent measurements. 

Some foreign surnames follow a format different from the American system. Most people are aware that the Chinese use their surnames first, followed by their given names. For example, Sun Yat-sen s surname is Sun. However, the problem of identifying surnames extends to many other cultures. This multiplicity of usage can create problems in bibliographic indexes and in reference citations. A reference citation in a bibliography should always list the surname first, followed by first name or initials. In a byline, the author names should be presented in standard American format (given names first and surnames... 

The ISI web of science at http //www.isinet.com is a multidisciplinary database that provides web access to current and retrospective journal literature. It includes three citation databases Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index. The ISI Science Citation Index (SCI ) provides access to current and retrospective bibliographic information, author abstracts, and cited references found in 3500 science and technical journals covering more than 150 disciplines. The Science Citation Index Expanded format available through the ISI Web of Science and the online version, SciSearch, cover more than 5700 journals. 

Medline. The Medline data base, which comes from the National Library of Medicine, is a superb, indispensable reference library that is particularly strong in its wide coverage of research activities in the biomedical literature. It also encompasses the areas of clinical medicine, health policy, and health care services. Each year, over 300,000 articles are reviewed and indexed into the data base. The full bibliographic citations of these articles, usually including the abstract of the published work, are available from numerous vendors in CD-ROM format and are usually updated on a monthly basis. 

The primary source of information for enthalpies of formation is J. B. Pedley, R. D. Naylor and S. P. Kirby, Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds (2nd Ed.), Chapman Hall, New York, 1986. The successor to this volume, J. B. Pedley, Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, Vol. I, Thermodynamics Research Center, College Station, Texas, USA, 1994, has recently been published. We have used values from this latter source when the compounds were not included in the earlier edition. In any case, no reference citation is given except for occasionally referring to either volume as Pedley or merely archival . Where data were... 

The book is based on more than 4,300 references, an increase of more than 1,700 references since the third edition. Most of the citations cited herein were obtained from peer-reviewed, original publications in the documented literature. Every effort has been made to present precise, accnrate, and reliable information in a clear, consistent format. The publisher and anthor wonld appreciate hearing from readers regarding corrections and snggestions for material that might be inclnded for nse in future editions. 

You should also use this format if you are citing a source that you have already used, and the citations are not consecutive. The word Ibid should only be used when you are referring to the same source twice in a row. 

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