Parent compounds

It has been used as a bird repellant and is the parent compound of the anthraquinone vat dyes in which the dyeing is carried out by immersion in the reduced vat solution followed by air oxidation to the original insoluble compound. 

M.p. 296 C. Accepts an electron from suitable donors forming a radical anion. Used for colorimetric determination of free radical precursors, replacement of Mn02 in aluminium solid electrolytic capacitors, construction of heat-sensitive resistors and ion-specific electrodes and for inducing radical polymerizations. The charge transfer complexes it forms with certain donors behave electrically like metals with anisotropic conductivity. Like tetracyanoethylene it belongs to a class of compounds called rr-acids. tetracyclines An important group of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces spp., having structures based on a naphthacene skeleton. Tetracycline, the parent compound, has the structure ... 

The most abundant literature is that bearing on solar eneigy conversion, mainly centered on the use of Ru(2,2 -bipyridine)3 and its analogues. The excited state of the parent compound was found some years ago to be a powerful reducing agent [212], allowing the following spontaneous reactions to be written ... 

It Is cmphasi < cd that both versions of the generic structure query may include the parent compound and monochlorinated derivatives. 

Ihese relative probabilities can be easily determined by simply counting the number c imes during the simulation that the relevant value of lambda reaches unity. In the case ( the para-substituted benzamidines it was possible after only a relatively short simulatio (110 po) to observe that the p-chloro and p-methyl derivatives were significantly weaki than the p-amino and the parent compound (Figure 11.18). In this particular case, all foe... 

These substances, as well as the parent compound, are p-keto esters and undergo hydrol3rtio cleavage in two directions. One type of cleavage, ketonlc hydrolysis, is effected by the action of dilute caustic alkali in the cold, followed by acidification and boiling the free acetoacetic acid produced has a carboxyl and carbonyl group on the same carbon atom and therefore readily undergoes decarboxylation to yield a ketone, for example ... 

Corrin is the porphyrinoid chromophore of the vitamin parent compound cobyrinic acid. Corrin itself has not yet been synthesized, but routes to cobyrinic acid and several other synthetic corrins have been described by A. Eschenmoser (1970, 1974) and R.B. Woodward (1967). 

Imino-A-4-thiazolines (27) when treated with hydrochloric acid give the A-4-thiazoline-2-ones (28) (Scheme 12). This reaction has been used as a structural proof of the parent compounds (19, 27, 28). 

Hofmann (1), of the Zurich School, was the first to have tried unsuccessfully to prepare the unsubstituted parent compound, selenazole much later, in 1955, Metzger and Bailly (2) were equally unsuccessful in trying to prepare selenazole from 2-aminoselenazole by reduction of the diazo compound,... 

Thus the condensation of dichloroether or chloroacetone fails to give the parent compound, 2-hydroxythiazole (158a), Rj = R2 = R3 = H (221). However, 2-hydroxythiazole can be obtained in 12% yield from chloro-acetaldehyde (386). The condensation of ammonium thiocarbamate with cf-chloroketones gives the corresponding 2-hydroxy derivatives in 25 to 70% yields (76, 221, 304, 412) (Table 11-24). These compounds condensed with ClP(S)(OEt)2 give the corresponding 2-thiazolyl-thiophosphates (791). 

Benzene parent compound of a large family of organic substances... 

Amino groups rank rather low in seniority when the parent compound is identified for naming purposes Hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups outrank ammo groups In these cases the ammo group is named as a substituent... 

Phenol IS both an important industrial chemical and the parent of a large class of compounds widely distributed as natural products Although ben zenol IS the systematic name for CgHsOH the lUPAC rules permit phe nol to be used instead Substituted derivatives are named on the basis of phenol as the parent compound... 

Listed in order of increasing priority for selection as parent compound. 

Radicals derived from heterocyclic compounds by removal of hydrogen from a ring are named by adding -yl to the names of the parent compounds (with elision of the final e, if present). These exceptions are retained ... 

If there is a choice among heterocyclic systems, the parent compound is decided in the following order of preference ... 

Substitutive Nomenclature. The first step is to determine the kind of characteristic (functional) group for use as the principal group of the parent compound. A characteristic group is a recognized combination of atoms that confers characteristic chemical properties on the molecule in which it occurs. Carbon-to-carbon unsaturation and heteroatoms in rings are considered nonfunctional for nomenclature purposes. 

Substitution means the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in a given compound by some other kind of atom or group of atoms, functional or nonfunctional. In substitutive nomenclature, each substituent is cited as either a prefix or a suffix to the name of the parent (or substituting radical) to which it is attached the latter is denoted the parent compound (or parent group if a radical). 

Systematic names formed by applying the principles of substitutive nomenclature are single words except for compounds named as acids. First one selects the parent compound, and thus the suffix, from the characteristic group listed earliest in Table 1.7. All remaining functional groups are handled as prefixes that precede, in alphabetical order, the parent name. Two examples may be helpful ... 

Carbon atoms enclosed in parentheses are included in the name of the parent compound and not in the suffix or prefix. 

The multiplying affixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-, undeca-, and so on are used to indicate a set of identical unsubstituted radicals or parent compounds. The forms bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, and so on are used to indicate a set of identical radicals or parent compounds each substituted in the same way. The affixes hi-, ter-, quater-, quinque-, sexi-, septi-, octi-, novi-, deci-, and so on are used to indicate the number of identical rings joined together by a single or double bond. 

A-substituted primary amides are named either (1) by citing the substituents as N prefixes or (2) by naming the acyl group as an N substituent of the parent compound. For example. 

Complex cyclic compounds may be named by adding the suffix -amine or the prefix amino- (or aminoalkyl-) to the name of the parent compound. Thus three names are permissible for... 

Ethers (R —O—R ). In substitutive nomenclature, one of the possible radicals, R—O—, is stated as the prefix to the parent compound that is senior from among R or R. Examples are methoxyethane for CH3OCH2CH3 and butoxyethanol for C4Hc,0CH2CH20H. 

When another principal group has precedence and oxygen is linking two identical parent compounds, the prefix oxy- may be used, as with 2,2 -oxydiethanol for HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. 

Compounds of the type RO—Y—OR, where the two parent compounds are identical and contain a group having priority over ethers for citation as suffix, are named as assemblies of identical units. For example, HOOC—CH2—O—CH2CH2—O—CH2—COOH is named 2,2 -(ethylene-dioxy)diacetic acid. 

Halogen Derivatives. Using substitutive nomenclature, names are formed by adding prefixes listed in Table 1.8 to the name of the parent compound. The prefix perhalo- implies the replacement of all hydrogen atoms by the particular halogen atoms. 

Sets of empirical rules, often referred to as Woodward s rules or the Woodward-Fieser rules, enable the absorption maxima of dienes (Table 7.11) and enones and dienones (Table 7.12) to be predicted. To the respective base values (absorption wavelength of parent compound) are added the increments for the structural features or substituent groups present. When necessary, a solvent correction is also applied (Table 7.13). 

Table 2. Fluoro- and Oxofluoro-Cations and Anions of Xenon, Their Parent Compounds, and Geometries...

Historically, the discovery of one effective herbicide has led quickly to the preparation and screening of a family of imitative chemicals (3). Herbicide developers have traditionally used combinations of experience, art-based approaches, and intuitive appHcations of classical stmcture—activity relationships to imitate, increase, or make more selective the activity of the parent compound. This trial-and-error process depends on the costs and availabiUties of appropriate starting materials, ease of synthesis of usually inactive intermediates, and alterations of parent compound chemical properties by stepwise addition of substituents that have been effective in the development of other pesticides, eg, halogens or substituted amino groups. The reason a particular imitative compound works is seldom understood, and other pesticidal appHcations are not readily predictable. Novices in this traditional, quite random, process requite several years of training and experience in order to function productively. 

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