Citations quantity

Whereas subscripts placed immediately after the formula of the monomeric unit or the block designate the degree of polymerization or repetition, mass and mole fractions and molar masses - which in most cases are average quantities - may be expressed by placing corresponding figures after the complete name or symbol of the copolymer. The order of citation is the same as for the monomer species in the name or symbol of the copolymer. Unknown quantities can be designated by a, b, etc. 

Mass or mole fractions or percentages of the monomeric units are placed in parentheses after the name of the macromolecule or assembly of macromolecules in parentheses after the name of the macromolecule or assembly of macromolecules with the symbol w , or x , respectively, followed by the mass or mole fractions or percentages. The order of citation in the parentheses is the same as that of the monomers in the name the individual values are separated by colons. Unknown quantities can be designated by a, b, etc., or hyphens. 

In the following discussion, it will be understood that in algebraic expressions and equations all physical quantities are designated in a consistent set of units (e.g., pressure in dyne/cm2 and energy in ergs) in this case quantities of elements will be dimensionless (number of atoms). Numerical citations in text and tables, however, will be in more familiar laboratory units (e.g., pressure in atm or torr or Pa, energy in cal, and gas quantities in cm3 STP). 

Boger reported studies on palladium-mediated cyclization to form the CDE ring system of lavendamycin, as shown in Eq. (2) [74-76]. These reactions were conducted with stoichiometric amounts of [Pd(PPh3)4] (2). When used in a 1 mol% quantity, 2 failed to catalyze these reactions, presumably because of the absence of a base. Until almost 10 years later, no palladium-catalyzed animation chemistry was reported, and few citations of the early amination chemistry existed. 

To carry out these objectives, the chapter is organized in the following way. The first section briefly describes the overall LFER methodology. The second section provides background information for LFER. The third section discusses descriptors with an emphasis on QM-derived quantities. The fourth section discusses statistical procedures commonly employed to derive LFERs with emphasis on multiple regression analysis. The fifth and final section provides examples taken from seminal papers and recent literature the citations listed provide leads to earlier work. 

Here u>k and xkk> k = 1, 2,.. . m, are constants. and T pg-g- correspond to the rotational and the centrifugal distortion constants, since Jg = Pg/h has been introduced for the angular and large amplitude momenta in units of ft (g = x, y, z, 1,2,...n, m + n = 3 N-6). It must be emphasized, however, that they are not constants, since they depend on the large amplitude coordinates, pf / = 1.2.. .. . Furthermore the matrix of fi -elements is in general non-diagonal. Despite this we shall call these quantities by there usual names, but use citation marks around the word constant to prevent confusion. In the present approach it is assumed that and the effective potential depend linearly on the vibrational quantum numbers, vk. 

Parks review [1] introduced several ideas in the field of surface charging of metal hydr(oxides) that seem obvious now but at the time were revolutionary. Examples include the collection of PZC/IEP data from different sources, inert electrolytes (Section 1.3), and the possible correlation between PZC and well-established physical quantities such as the bond valence and the degree of oxidation or hydration. Not surprisingly [1] has been a source and an inspiration for many followers, and with over 2000 citations it is one of the most successful papers in the field of colloid chemistry ever published. Figure 1.13 presents the history of citations of [1]. Even now, the knowledge of many scientists about pH-dependent surface charging of metal oxides is chiefly based upon that... 

As mentioned earlier, Western Europe surpassed the United States in total S8cE publications in 1997. While the United States still leads Western Europe in number of citations, the gap is narrowing (see Figure 3-10). The erosion of U.S. leadership in citations is due both to the increased number of publications and to the increased number of citations per paper from Europe. These data provide evidence that both the quantity and the quality of papers from Western Europe are increasing. 

The various authors whose research is chronicled below showed different degrees of sensitivity to the problems outlined above. We will not attempt to appraise these individuals aptitude, or even orientation, as orthodox thermochemists. Rather, we will simply present the results of the various papers and discuss whatever pattern or discordancy arises. We start with the smoothed results for all the relevant entries of another of our favourite compendia12. While this source lacks error bars and primary bibliographic citations, the vast majority of the entries of thermochemical quantities in this... 

In addition to the reference sources used for extraction of detection limits indicated in Tables 2.5 and 2.6, a number of other literature citations of note, providing interesting and useful presentations of detection limits, may be listed. These sources were not included as sources because they deal with techniques not emphasized in this chapter, present DLs as absolute quantities... 

For the quantities given in this table, slightly differing values can be found in the literature. We dispense here with a detailed discussion and literature citations. 

The Court in Dow Chemical Co. v. PA, 605 E2d 673 (3rd Cir. 1979) found that the processing, import, or manufacture of small quantities of chemicals for research and development purposes was a commercial purpose and was therefore within the scope of 8 of TSCA the 8(e) Comment Document, 34, Usts the citations for EPAs assertions that research and development materials are subject to TSCA 8(e) reporting. 

OSHA has also prepared a list of covered chemicals (provided in Appendix A of the regulation). If a company has one or more of these chemicals on site in quantities greater than the amount specified, then it is required to develop a PSM program. Even if a chemical is not on the list, an accident involving it can still lead to a PSM citation under the General Duty clause, as discussed earlier. 

For Ti(C, N) an increase of E with carbon content was measured on several samples (see citations in [92]), the porosity of which was, however, rather larger and different in different samples. A well characterized sample Ti(Co,2oNo,8o) with a porosity of only 3.5% [63] yielded the highest value of 451 GPa (and v = 0.212), which probably comes very near to the value for an ideal zero-porosity samples. An investigation of the E and G behavior as a function of temperature was recently conducted on polycrystalline samples of TiN [94], where a linear relationship was found for both quantities (see Fig. 22). 

Evaluation according to ASTM E 698-79 of DSC experiments with the help of the DuPont software, supplies the values of pyrolysis or oxidation enthalpy (J/g) too, resulting from integration of the peak areas. As described in chapter 3.3.2 these energetic values are not independent of the heating rates, even for model substances and may not be compared with literature data. Moreover, in oxidation any citation of J/g may be significant for the first oxidation peak (LTO) only. For the next peaks, the residual quantity of substance reacting there is never known. 

In the present chapter, we summarized the main progresses made by Chinese scientists on nanoelectrochemistry in the past decade. Significant achievements in China have been evidenced by both quantity and quality. As shown, both the number of publications and the citations of the... 

The entire factual information pertaining to one compound is hierarchically organized. On the highest level are the substance identification data, on the next level appear the chemical data and the physicochemical and physical data. The third level is formed by the citations. These groups consist of several properties which in turn comprise at least several different data fields. Each fact can be traced to a source from the literature therefore, the properties are directly connected to citations. The user of the GFDB is guaranteed that all information is authentic and nothing is added or derived. The only exception is the conversion of dimensioned quantities to a common system of units. 

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