Laborant

Labor costs tend to be higher (although this can be overcome to some extent by use of computer control). 

Automatic control tends to be more straightforward (leading to lower labor costs and greater consistency of operation). 

Labor costs are extremely difficult to estimate. They depend on whether the process is batch or continuous, the level of automation, the number of processing steps, and the level of production. When... 

If, however, alternatives are to be compared which are very different in nature, such as a comparison between batch and continuous operation, some allowance for the difference in labor costs must be made. 

The factors fp and fj have not been applied to installation costs because installation costs are not a simple function of purchase cost. Although process piping and fittings made for the same unusual conditions are proportionally more expensive, labor, foundations, insulation, etc. are not. Furthermore, only about 70 percent of piping is directly exposed to process fluid. The balance is auxiliary or utility piping made of conventional materials. 

It should be emphasized that capital cost estimates using installation factors are at best crude and at worst highly misleading. When preparing such an estimate, the designer spends most of the time on the equipment costs, which represent typically 20 to 40 percent of the total installed cost. The bulk costs (civil engineering, labor, etc.) are factored costs which lack definition. At best, this type of estimate can be expected to be accurate to 30 percent. 

There are difficulties of detecting defects in axial canal because of solid sediment layer of 1. 2 mm thick on the canal surface. When using known defectoscope devices a preliminary labor-intensive mechanical treatment of the axial canal surface is needed. The experience of application of different methods of rotor axial canal control in multifunction automatic device ROTOR - K has pointed to the fact that the most effective method is eddy current one [1]. All the dangerous cracks were just detected by the eddy current method, the part of the cracks were not... 

For an example we shall consider some installations developed for last years on described above principles. Advantage of all described devices is that they do not require attraction of the qualified labor for realization of the testing. The given installations have found a use at the various machine-building enterprises. 

The laser-based gun tube inspection systems are intended to augment and, perhaps eventually, replace the labor-intensive, time consuming and subjective visual inspection methods that are currently employed by these facilities. 

Much labor has been dedicated to establishing a common technique enabling one to solve the problem of choice. Some solutions suggested are useful, others are less efficient. Below we shall examine the most prominent ones. 

Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the days of the life of thy vanity, which He hath given thee under the sun, all the days of thy vanity for that is thy portion in this life, and in thy labor which thou takest under the sun. 

Another important consideration is the amount of labor necessary on the part of the user. One major difference between different software packages is the developer s choices between ease of use and efficiency of operation. For example, the Spartan program is extremely easy to use, but the price for this is that the algorithms are not always the most efficient available. Many chemistry users begin with software that is very simple, but when more sophisticated problems need to be solved, it is often easier to learn to use more complicated software than to purchase a supercomputer to solve a problem that could be done by a workstation with different software. 

This method is a little labor-intensive because it involves a lot of distilling, but it is so easy to do and the results are absolutely predictable The production of MD-P2P or P2P using this method has been previously described [8,9] except that Strike is going to describe the little things. You know, those little bullshit things that never seem to work their way into official accounts but always cause a lot of stress to the novice chemist. 

The synthesis of MMDA in Pihkal is one of the longest and most tedious in the book. If one is going the route via myristicin, the Sisifos work of isolating the tiny amount of essential oil present in nutmeg, followed by fractional distillation to purify the myristicin fraction is also added to the labor of the poor chemist. Therefore I propose a new route to this "essential amphetamine". 

This is the least desirable of all three processes [What do you mean by that This is really easy to do And the yield are fine ]. The yields are lower than the two rearrangements, and it requires substantial labor to get a decently pure product. Not "labor" as In difficult but "labor" as in a lot of it. I would suggest this only for those who have a large supply of Formaldehyde available to them (note - N. Coffey found formaldehyde at Home Depot - look for "Mildewcide" and dissolve it in enough water to make a 37% solution to depolymerize the paraformaldehyde). 

Structural drawings of carbohydrates of this type are called Haworth formulas, after the British chemist Sir Walter Norman Haworth (St Andrew s University and the University of Birmingham) Early m his career Haworth contributed to the discovery that carbohydrates exist as cyclic hemiacetals rather than m open chain forms Later he col laborated on an efficient synthesis of vitamin C from carbohydrate precursors This was the first chemical synthesis of a vitamin and provided an inexpensive route to its prepa ration on a commercial scale Haworth was a corecipient of the Nobel Prize for chem istry m 1937... 

Volatilization gravimetric methods are time- and labor-intensive. Equipment needs are few except when combustion gases must be trapped or for a thermogravi-metric analysis, which requires specialized equipment. 

Software programs are usually written in a more user-friendly high-level language such as Fortran, Pascal, or C, which facilitates the tedious and labor-intensive task of writing a computer program. 

The amount of land required varies as well, not only as a function of the amount of production that is anticipated, but also on the type of culture system that is used. It may take several hectares of static culture ponds to produce the same biomass of animals as one modest size raceway through which large volumes of water are constantly flowed. Constmction costs vary from one location to another. Local labor and fuel costs must be factored into the equation. The experience of contractors in building aquaculture facihties is another factor to be considered. 

In 1994 in the U.S., recycled PET, HDPE, LDPE, and PS had a 16—46% cost advantage (4). This cost advantage largely disappeared by 1996. Bureau of Labor Statistics data indicate U.S. plastics prices in mid-1997 are seven percent below those of mid-1995 after being more than ten percent less in 1996... 

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (20) has Hsted 416,000 persons employed as welders, cutters, and welding machine operators, with 90% employed in the fields of manufacturing, services, constmction, and wholesale trades. The same report projects a decline in employment for welders job prospects remain good, however, as the number of qualified workers entering the market is expected to balance workers leaving the field. 

Occupational Outlook Handbook, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http / /stats.bls.gov/oco /ocos226.htm, Apr. 8,1996. 

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