Labor competition

In the matter of racial character then, naturalization law allowed Irish immigrants entrance as white persons, and the labor competition under capitalism may frequently have encouraged an aggressive embrace of that whiteness. And yet both U.S. and Irish nationalisms generated a racial... 

The abrasive industry is highly competitive and many small companies worldwide successfully compete by specializing in a particular segment of the business, eg, disk wheels, mounted points, and mbber wheels. Costs in the fused abrasive industry are primarily in materials and electric power. Thus manufacturers seek out plant sites having the lowest power costs. Costs for coated abrasive manufacturers are capital and labor intensive and they seek out sources of low cost labor. 

Generally, for most fermentation processes to yield a good quality product at a competitive price, at least six key criteria must be met. (/) Fermentation is a capital intensive business and investment must be minimised. (2) The raw materials should be as cheap as possible. (J) Only the highest yielding strains should be used. (4) Recovery and purification should be as rapid and as simple as possible. (5) Automation should be employed to minimise labor usage. (6) The process must be designed to minimise waste production and efftciendy use all utilities (26,27). 

Natural resins were probably known to early people, who recognized them as exudates from trees. Collection and use of these resins have been recorded by early Roman and Greek historians. Many products have been collected by the same methods throughout history to the present time. However, increased labor costs and competition from synthetic resins have reduced the demand for some natural resins, so they have become less available. In other cases, such as that of rosin, the traditional collection of gum from trees has been supplemented or replaced by isolation from other sources, such as paper pulping and tree stumps. 

Machining costs (labor and overhead) in the United States have an estimated value of > 300 x 10 /yr. The cost of labor and overhead for machining is based on the estimated number of total metal-cutting machine tools in various metal-cutting industries (1). This value does not take into account the cost of raw stock (work material), cutting tools, and many other support faciUties. An estimated breakdown of cutting tool costs is given in Table 13 (172). Because of the competitive nature of these industries, most prefer to keep cost information proprietary. 

Hori ntalEetort. In 1800, the first commercial zinc process made use of the horizontal retort. In 1980, only three such plants remain because they are not competitive in terms of labor and fuel costs. Furthermore, the dust produced presents a serious pollution problem. Nevertheless, in 1956, the tonnage of zinc produced from horizontal retorts was above that of any previous year. The only remaining operation is in Russia with a capacity of 10,000 annual MT. 

The commercial value of a clay deposit depends on market trends, competitive materials, transportation faciflties, new machinery and processes, and labor and fuel costs. Naturally exposed outcrops, geological area and stmcture maps, aerial photographs, hand and power auger drills, core drills, earth resistivity, and shallow seismic methods are used ia exploration for clays (32). Clays are mined primarily by open-pit operation, including hydraulic extraction however, underground mining is also practiced. 

A study has been made by A. V. Bridgwater [Chem. Eng., 86, 119-121 (Nov. 5, 1979)] of the geographical variations in capital costs. He concluded that because of trade and competition basic equipment costs do not vaiy significantlv in the industrialized countries of the western world. The main differences in construction costs at various international locations are due to variations in labor costs and productivity, the use of specialized equipment, and sundry local factors. Table 9-55 gives location factors for the construction of chemical plants of similar function in various countries (1993 values). The factors have been corrected by Bridgwater for location variations in labor costs and efficiency and converted at the average value of the exchange rate. 

Over a period of 20 years, it is possible for a company, even one that is not growing, to experience numerous changes in its business, product markets, competition, government regulations, available technologies, business strategy, labor markets, and so on. These changes are the inevitable products of its interaction with a world that is not static. 

However, pulp and paper are commodities and therefore prices are vulnerable to global competition. Countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Indonesia have built modern, advanced pulp facilities. These countries have faster-growing trees and lower labor costs. Latin American and European countries are also adding papermaking capacity. Because of this increased foreign competition, imports of paper to the U.S. market are expected to increase 3% annually through 2004.10 In order... 

Like any businesses, bioanalytical laboratories perform operations that transform starting materials (samples and supplies) into products of higher value (quality reports continuing accurate sample concentration data). To maximize productivity and stay ahead of competition, bioanalytical scientists continuously invent, reinvent, and implement processes and techniques that generate more accurate and better quality reports with fewer resources (labor, time, capital, energy, and consumable goods). These continuous optimizations of laboratory operations drove the bioanalytical laboratories to begin... 

On February 28, 1877, the House received the Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration. The document is at once a reaffirmation of the 1790 principle that republican institutions require a white polity, and an endorsement of popular labor arguments for the primacy of white interests in the marketplace. In its uneven rhetoric of race the document moves from a competition between Chinese and whites to one between Asiatics and Caucasians. The report s authority thus comes finally to rest upon the principle of Caucasian superiority. 

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