Operating labor costs

Operating Cost - Labor High Low Average Average... 

Plant operating costs labor costs are particularly highlighted in this and are particularly important at the early part of the manufacturing chain, essentially when feed and product are closer to a cost-plus basis. 

Operating costs labor operating, repairs, supplies, direct supervision. 1.68... 

Operating costs (labor, number of shifts worked, supervision and overheads, etc.)... 

In order to determine the basic processing cost. Pc of a simple or ideal design, it is necessary to understand the production factors on which it depends. These are equipment costs including installation, operating costs (labor, supervision and overheads), processing times, tooling... 

Capital and operating costs for soda ash production are extremely site specific (29,10). Key factors iaclude iafrastmcture development, freight to consumers, local energy and labor costs, and by-product saleabiUty. 1990 Hst price of bulk natural soda ash was 108/t, F.O.B. Wyoming. 

Economic Considerations. The principal economic consideration is, of course, total installed system cost, including the initial cost of the flow primary, flow secondary, and related ancillary equipment as well as material and labor required for installation. Other typical considerations are operating costs and the requirements for scheduled maintenance. An economic factor of increasing importance is the cost of disposal at the end of normal flow meter service life. This may involve meter decontamination if hazardous fluids have been measured. 

Pulp production and per capita consumption of paper and board for 1992 is shown in Table 8. The United States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway make up the North American and Scandinavian (NORSCAN) countries and produced about 63% (22.8 million tons) of the world output. Market share is growing for producers in Latin and South America, Western Europe, Asia, and Africa. These areas provide low cost pulp from state-of-the-art mills. Mills in the third world countries often enjoy the benefits of plentiful, fast-growing tree species, such as eucalyptus and tropical pines, and lower operating and labor costs (3). 

In a modem operation the cost of production is made up of the factors shown in Table 3. The feedstocks account for more than 90% of the cost. Other operating costs, such as utihties, labor, and capital charges, make up the difference. 

Unit cost data should be carefully assessed to ensure that process type, size, and raw materials are similar to the proposed venture. Operating cost data sometimes are reported for separate categories such as operating labor, maintenance labor, supervision, and utiHties (9). 

Operating Labor The cost of operating labor is the second largest item of expense in the manufac turing cost. Labor requirements for a process can be estimated from an intelhgent study of the equipment flow sheet, paying careful attention to the various primaiy process steps such as frac tionation, filtration, etc. The hourly wage rate should be that currently paid in the company. Once the number of persons reqiiired per shift has been estimated for a particular production rate, the annual labor cost and the labor cost per unit of production can be estimated. 

Specifications 400 feet of four-inch pipe, 25/hr labor, 0.07/k Vh, 4.00/1,000 steam, 100-foot supply lines. TIC = total installed cost TOC = total operating costs. 

Table 10-62 shows the installed costs and operating costs for 400 feet of four-inch pipe, maintained at four different temperatures, with supply lengths of 100 ft. for both electricity and steam and 25/hr labor. 

Operating-cost data for these units are meager. Power costs may be estimated by assuming 1 hpper cylinder for diameters of 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 ft). Data on labor and maintenance costs are also lacking. 

Performance data on some typical tray and compartment diyers are tabulated in Table 12-10. These indicate that an overall rate of evaporation of 0.0025 to 0.025 kg water/(s m") of tray area may be expected from tray and tray-truck diyers. The thermal efficiency of this type of diyer will vary from 20 to 50 percent, depending on the diying temperature used and the humidity of the exhaust air. In diying to very low moisture contents under temperature restrictions, the thermal efficiency may be in the order of 10 percent. The major operating cost for a tray diyer is the labor involved in loading and unloading the trays. About two labor-hours are required to load and unload a standard two-truck tray diyer. In addition, about one-third to one-fifth of a... 

Operating Costs Power cost for a continuous thickener is an almost insignificant item. For example, a unit thickener 60 m (200 ft) in diameter with a torque rating of 1.0 MN-m (8.8 Mlbf in) will normally require 12 kW (16 hp). The low power consumption is due to the very slow rotative speeds. Normally, a mechanism vi l be designed for a peripheral speed of about 9 m/min (0.5 ft/s), which corresponds to only 3 r/h for a 60-m (200-ft) unit. This low speed also means veiy low maintenance costs. Operating labor is low because little attention is normally required after initial operation has balanced the feed and underflow. If chemicals are required for flocculation, the chemical cost frequently dwarfs all other operating costs. 

Every location has advantages and disadvantages that impact on the operating costs. Data must be collected for the proposed site and used to adjust historical data to get a proper estimate. Such costs as transportation, labor, and purchased utilities can be determined. However, such items as operating labor productivity, local customs, weather, and local management attitudes can only be estimated. 

In addition to the fixed capital investment needed to purchase and install process equipment and auxiliaries, there is a continuous expenditure referred to as operating cost, which is needed to operate the process. The operating cost (or manufacturing cost or production cost) includes raw materials, mass-separating agents, utilities (fuel, electricity, steam, water, refrigerants, air, etc.), catalysts, additives, labor, and maintenance. The total annualized cost of a process is defined as follows ... 

Where low-cost labor is available, operators can provide intensive manual cleaning during the annual plant shutdown period. However, this is not a model for operational efficiency, and low-cost labor is seldom that low when quality and productivity is factored in. In the long run, it usually is far better to aim for a higher operational standard from the beginning. 

The dominant operating cost is usually raw materials. However, other significant operating costs involve catalysts and chemicals consumed other than raw materials, utility costs, labor costs and maintenance. 

Annual fixed charges, 225V°-5, with Vr in liters Labor and operating costs, 20/day for 300 days/yr Find the conditions that will give the maximum profit. 

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