Labor, cost references

The cost of the filter station includes not only the installed cost of the filter itself but also that of all the accessories dedicated to the filtration operation. Examples are feed pumps and storage facihties, precoat tanks, vacuum systems (often a major cost factor for a vacuum filter station), and compressed-air systems. The dehvered cost of the accessories plus the cost of installation of filter and accessories generally is of the same order of magnitude as the dehvered filter cost and commonly is several times as large. Installation costs, of course, must be estimated with reference to local labor costs and site-specific considerations. 

Complete PV systems consist of modules (also referred to as panels), which contain solar cells and the so-called balance of system (BoS). The BoS mainly comprises electronic components, cabling, support structures and, if applicable, electricity storage or optics and Sun trackers (the latter for concentrator systems). The BoS costs also include labor costs for turn-key installation. 

Labor burden refers to costs the company must pay associated with and above the base labor rate, such as for Social Security, insurance, and other benefits. 

Tables 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3 illustrate a set of factors used by one chemical firm for fiuids-handling and solids-handling plants. The factors and ratios used to break down the total cost into the various direct and indirect accounts are based on a 100% subcontract construction where most of the labor-related field indirects are collected with the subcontract labor costs and the "field indirects" account refers to only the construction management and the site general conditions costs. Field indirects are discussed in more detail in Section 19.9.

This is an accounting term. Included in this category are salary and management costs. Overhead also includes all costs not covered in categories above. Elements such as machinery costs, shop and office supplies, and insurance are included in this area. Often in developing estimates, overhead is expressed as a percent of direct labor cost. For information on allocating overhead cost refer to... 

The installed costs sum to 646,800 that is, 108,700 less than the total direct cost of materials and manpower for installation of the plant, 757,500. This Installed Direct Cost, Cdi, is referred to in Chapter 16 of the textbook as the Total Direct Materials and Labor Cost, Cdml- Finally, the materials and manpower items that are not chargeable to the individual equipment items are displayed in the Area Bulk Report within the Capital Estimate Report ... 

PAI (Personnel, administration and insurance) Labor costs for reference cases w/o CO2 capture M 6... 

Personnel or labor cost is usually a significant contributor to the overall production cost, which is especially true for the area of red biotechnology. In contrast to white biotechnology, the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals and, especially, cell therapy products is still characterized by a relatively low level of automation and dependence on manual operation by skilled operators. Additional personnel-related costs such as cost of QC (quality control) and QA (quality assurance) services are secondary costs. Maintenance, repair and external services, and general expenses refer to cost for keeping the facilities and equipment functional (typically 2-5% of investment) and to cash-out for externally sourced services such as, for example, cleaning of the facility or workwear and outsourced analytical services, respectively. 

Costs occurred in this phase relate to refer to demolition works, the value of direct used materials, direct labor costs, cost of scrap metal and the cost of used sand disposal. 

In addition to the fixed capital investment needed to purchase and install process equipment and auxiliaries, there is a continuous expenditure referred to as operating cost, which is needed to operate the process. The operating cost (or manufacturing cost or production cost) includes raw materials, mass-separating agents, utilities (fuel, electricity, steam, water, refrigerants, air, etc.), catalysts, additives, labor, and maintenance. The total annualized cost of a process is defined as follows ... 

Sopt = optimum stripping factor, where treatment costs are a minimum, referenced to costs of utilities, maintenance, depreciation, labor. As economic conditions change one may need to adjust Sopj, see Reference 143. 

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