Comparison between

If, however, alternatives are to be compared which are very different in nature, such as a comparison between batch and continuous operation, some allowance for the difference in labor costs must be made. 

Hammen equation A correlation between the structure and reactivity in the side chain derivatives of aromatic compounds. Its derivation follows from many comparisons between rate constants for various reactions and the equilibrium constants for other reactions, or other functions of molecules which can be measured (e g. the i.r. carbonyl group stretching frequency). For example the dissociation constants of a series of para substituted (O2N —, MeO —, Cl —, etc.) benzoic acids correlate with the rate constant k for the alkaline hydrolysis of para substituted benzyl chlorides. If log Kq is plotted against log k, the data fall on a straight line. Similar results are obtained for meta substituted derivatives but not for orthosubstituted derivatives. 

A comparison between the beam intensity before and after the flame provides a measurement of the quantity of photons absorbed and therefore the concentration of the atom being analyzed. The comparison can be made directly by a double beam analyzer. See Figure 2.7 in which the beam is divided into 2 branches one of which traverses the flame, the other serving as... 

Because this separation is not subject to precise standards today, the resulting wide variations make comparisons between laboratories risky. 

The comparison between the qualities and quantities obtained and those for marketable products, the refiner can estimate the capacities and the operating conditions of the various treatment units... 

Per barrel costs (costs per barrel of development production) are useful when production is the constraint on a project, or when making technical comparisons between projects in the same geographical area. 

The three sets of data chosen for the comparisons between experiment and simulation have been supplied by Dr. S. K. Burke of the DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory (Melbourne, Australia). 

The comparison between measured data and simulated data are good for both real and imaginary parts. The measured signal has a low resolution due to the low interaction between the eddy current and the slot. 

The comparison between measured data and simulated data are good for the imaginary part, but differences appear for the real part. The ratio between simulated data and measured data is about 0.75 for TRIFOU calculation, and 1.33 for the specialised code. Those differences for the real part of the impedance signal can be explained because of the low magnitude of real part compared to imaginary part signal. 

The comparisons between measured and simulated data lead to the same conclusion as in case 2. The simulated data show more details on the curves, especially in the slot edges zones. This is linked most probably to the measured data resolution. 

Becker et al. (11) have performed extensive experiments on surface-breaking cracks, tilting both the cracks or the back-side. The cracks are like a half ellipse, but could presumably be reasonably approximated by a strip-like crack. Figure 3 shows a comparison between the experiments and UTDefect for a 2.54 mm crack with varying tilt. The thickness of the plate with the crack is 15.24 ram. The probe is a circular 45 SV probe with frequency 2.25 MHz and diameter 12.7 mm. The experiments are calibrated with a notch but this is presently not... 

Right Fig. 4.2 Cross section of the test object. Comparison between the eddy eurrent density close to a crack in either a massive (bottom) or a stacked sample (top). 

Figure 2 Comparison between simulated data and experimental data.

The comparison between the detection cartography (fig. 12) and the signal cartography given by the sensors (figure 7) for the same tube sample, shows the efficiency of our detection technique. Indeed, in the detection cartography, every inner notch present in the tube sample, even the 10% deep notch, is detected... 

The sensitivity of the luminescence IP s in the systems employed here decreases with increasing x-ray energy more strongly than in the case of x-ray film. Therefore, this phenomenon must be compensated by using thicker lead front and back screens. The specific contrast c,p [1,3] is an appropriate parameter for a comparison between IP s and film, since it may be measured independently of the spatial resolution. Since the absorption coefficient p remains roughly constant for constant tube voltage and the same material, it suffices to measure and compare the scatter ratio k. Fig. 2 shows k as a function of the front and back screen thickness for the IP s for 400 keV and different wall thicknesses. The corresponding measured scatter ratios for x-ray films with 0,1 mm front and back screens of lead are likewise shown. The equivalent value for the front and back screen thicknesses is found from the intersection of the curves for the IP s and the film value. 

Therefore it is reasonable to prepare already the data acquisition for a three dimensional evaluation in cone-beam-technique by means of two-dimensional detectors. The system is already prepared to integrate a second detector- system for this purpose. An array of up to four flat panel detectors is foreseen. The detector- elements are based on amorphous silicon. Because of the high photon energy and the high dose rates special attention was necessary to protect the read-out electronics. Details of the detector arrangement and the software for reconstruction, visualisation and comparison between the CT results and CAD data are part of a separate paper during this conference [2]. 

Fig. 7 Comparison between lead metaniobate (left) and 1-3 piezocomposite transducer (right) for a WSY70-4 probe...

Figure 3 comparison between the simulation results and the measured Bscan (segmented data)... 

The comparison between the experimental and computed Bscan is realised on the segmented data (figure 3). Although the multiple reflections from the front to the backwall are not predicted, it can be concluded that, for this specific configuration, a good agreement is achieved. For all the principal echoes, the amplitude and position is correctly predicted. 

Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the comparison between the experiment and the calculation as mentioned above. The solid line is the calculation. The result of the experiment in... 

Fig. 3 Comparison Between ihc Experiment and the Calculation of Echo Directivity for Surface SH Wave Probes...

The uncertainties in choice of potential function and in how to approximate the surface distortion contribution combine to make the calculated surface energies of ionic crystals rather uncertain. Some results are given in Table VII-2, but comparison between the various references cited will yield major discrepancies. Experimental verification is difficult (see Section VII-5). Qualitatively, one expects the surface energy of a solid to be distinctly higher than the surface tension of the liquid and, for example, the value of 212 ergs/cm for (100)... 

Povodyrev et aJ [30] have applied crossover theory to the Flory equation ( section A2.5.4.1) for polymer solutions for various values of N, the number of monomer units in the polymer chain, obtaining the coexistence curve and values of the coefficient p jj-from the slope of that curve. Figure A2.5.27 shows their comparison between classical and crossover values of p j-j for A = 1, which is of course just the simple mixture. As seen in this figure, the crossover to classical behaviour is not complete until far below the critical temperature. 

Skokov S and Bowman J M 1999 Variation of the resonance width of HOCI (6uq ) with total angular momentum comparison between ab /M/o theory and experiment J. Chem. Phys. 110 9789-92... 

Quack M 1979 Quantitative comparison between detailed (state selected) relative rate data and averaged (thermal) absolute rate data for complex forming reactions J. Phys. Chem. 83 150-8... 

Gunther O, Janowitz C, Jungk G, Jenichen B, Hey R, Daweritz L and Pioog K 1995 Comparison between the eiectronic dieiectric functions of a GaAs/AiAs superiattice and its buik components by spectroscopic eiiipsometry using core ieveis Phys. Rev. B 52 2599-609... 

Baer M, Loesch H J, Werner H J and Last I 1994 Integral and differential cross sections for the Li + HF to LiF + H process. A comparison between quantum mechanical and experimental results Chem. Phys. Lett. 219 372... 

Baer M, Faubel M, Martinez-Haya B, Rusin L Y, Tappe U and Toennies J P 1998 A study of state-to-state differential state cross-sections for the F + 02(0.= 0,jl) —> DF(u y ) + D reactions a detailed comparison between experimental and three dimensional quantum mechanical results J. Chem. Phys. 108 9694... 

Figure C 1.3.3. Comparison between infrared spectra for tire p bend combination band of Ar-HF obtained in tire gas phase and in a slit jet. (a) The gas-phase spectmm (Taken from 1361). (b) The slit jet spectmm (Taken from 1611).

Cp is tire number of elasticity active chains per volume unit. The comparison between experimental data and tire prediction by (C2.1.20) shows a reasonable agreement up to large defonnation (figure C2.1.16). For large values of X, strain hardening arises because of tire limited extensibility of tire chains or because of shear-induced crystallization. 

Comparison between the first and last lines of the table shows that the sign of the ground-state wave function has been reversed, which implies the existence of a conical intersection somewhere inside the loop described by the table. 

Other studies have also been made on the dynamics around a conical intersection in a model 2D system, both for dissociahve [225] and bound-state [226] problems. Comparison between surface hopping and exact calculations show reasonable agreement when the coupling between the surfaces is weak, but larger errors are found in the shong coupling limit. 

However, before going into a detail comparison between the two types of matrices it is important to remind the reader what the elements of the matrix look like. By employing Eqs (2.18) and (2.28) of [109b] it can be shown that... 

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