Labor unions

The adoption of the Taylor system in the late nineteenth century changed the lines of responsibihty for product quahty (4). This management philosophy was based on using incentives, such as pay based on output, to motivate worker productivity. As the workforce became better educated and labor unions gained strength, it became difficult to motivate workers doing simple, repetitive tasks (5). 

Personnel policy - how the organization will treat its employees and the labor unions... 

Gewerk, n. trade factory work, -genossen- schaft, /. trade union, labor union, -schaft, /. trade union (mining) company, -verein, m. trade union, labor union. 

Co., Philadelphia 1961. (I have been informed that since 1961 the number of activities listed above has increased. This is in part due to additional requirements imposed by clients, state and federal agencies, and labor unions, as well as an upgrading of the planning criteria). 

Public and labor union concerns as the result of a number of reactive incidents have caused OSHA to consider PSM revisions. One alternative OSHA identified through a petition from unions (Section 5.1.3) is to add the remaining NFPA 3 and 4 chemicals and all NFPA 1 and 2 chemicals to the PSM list. However, this approach would address less than half of the chemicals involved in the 167 incidents examined by CSB. 

Following the Napp incident, six labor unions44 petitioned OSHA for emergency revision of the PSM Standard, stating that it failed to cover reactive chemicals. In a followup letter, the labor unions asked OSHA to consider the following issues in any revision of the standard ... 

In February 1996, the Chemical Manufacturers Association (now ACC) and API submitted a letter to OSHA responding to issues raised by the labor unions. The letter indicated ACC support of PSM as an effective standard. It also reflected the opinion that expanding PSM in the ways proposed would greatly increase compliance costs without substantial benefits and that a large amount of the additional cost would fall on small businesses. ACC and API identified several alternatives for regulating reactives, but concluded that each presented technical difficulties, significant cost, and minimal benefit. For these reasons, both trade groups opposed any revisions to the PSM Standard. 

OSHA did not undertake an emergency revision of the PSM Standard in response to the labor unions petition. In October 1997, OSHA and EPA issued a joint chemical accident investigation report on the Napp Technologies incident. Among the recommendations was that OSHA and EPA review the lists of substances subject to the PSM Standard and RMP regulation (40 CFR 68) to determine whether reactive substances should be added. 

James W. Ford, The Negro Industrial Proletariat of America (Moscow Red International of Labor Unions, n.d. [1928]), TL 1768 2338. 

Although this may be a simple process in principle, it is not necessarily so in practice. Nor is it necessarily only a function of management. Labor activities, government regulations, and social pressures demand that employees as well as employers become involved in the health and safety of the workplace. Labor unions require assurance of health at work... 

The employees, particularly the workers at the plants that would be exposed to the hazards to safety and health created by the raw material, the intermediates, and the finished products and by-products. A plant that is unsafe to workers would not be able to recruit the most capable staff, would not be able to manufacture the best products, and would encourage the formation of militant labor unions and punitive regulations. It is in the self interest of the manufacturers to make sure that the workplace is safe and to adopt the best practice. There is also a recent tendency for manufacturing to move to regions and nations where plant safety rules are less rigorously posted and enforced. 

Our applications research should be able to provide important help—particularly regarding new uses taking advantage of our special properties. Other organizations such as trade associations, labor unions, governmental bodies, and trade journals may also be important in particular cases. 

In addition to considerations of impairment testing systems and the equipment and platform to administer the systems, the implementation of the testing system must also be considered. Test cost, frequency of administration, maintenance of stable patterns of performance (i.e., motivation), and worker acceptance are among the issues that merit consideration.11 In addition, concerns regarding the legal status of performance test systems, the manner in which labor unions and arbitrators might view such test systems, and whether there is a potential for misuse of the test system could affect system implementation.9... 

Describe how the unionization of employees and the presence of labor unions affect managerial processes and decision making. 

Associated Labor Unions-Trade Onion Congress of the Philippines... 

The Swedish labor unions have a very strong position within the Swedish society and have a lot of power. They are very interested in the substitution of chemicals since these are often a serious threat toward the health and welfare of workers. Health and safety issues have a very long tradition in Sweden and especially big corporations are working very hard with these issues. 

In unionized organizations, the agent or steward serves as employees advocate (although R D scientists are seldom part of a labor union) in non-union companies, the Human Relations department usually fills that role. Seldom is management viewed as an advocate for workers, and rarely does management perceive itself that way. In fact, employees often consider the boss a powerful adversary—the very reason they need an advocate Surely productivity, not to mention loyalty and enthusiasm, suffers when workers and management consider themselves adversaries. 

Starting in 1972, a national network of COSH groups developed nationwide - Committees/Coali-tions on Occupational Safety and Health. Currently there are 22 COSH groups across the country -private, nonprofit coalitions of labor unions, health and technical professionals, and others interested in promoting and advocating for worker health and safety. 

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