Equipment, costs

The three general types of cost estimates needed are equipment cost, capital investment cost, and product cost. Equipment cost estimates are needed as part of the capital investment estimate, which indicates the amount of money that is needed to start the venture. Both of these estimates are reflected in the product cost estimate, which is important to both management and marketing groups. 

Equipment Costs. Equipment costs include the purchased cost of process and materials handling equipment, storage faciUties, waste treatment equipment, stmctures, and site service faciUties. Installation costs such as insulation, piping, painting and finishing, foundations, process stmctures, instmmentation, and electrical service connections are estimated or factored separately. Actual quoted prices from suppHers are the best data, but these are not usually available when estimates are made. The quick, inexpensive cost estimates are based largely on personal cost files, internal company cost data, or pubUshed cost correlations. 

Product Plastic pellets, Vn-in (3.2-mm) cubes, 30-lh/ft (481-kg/nd) hulk density equivalent length of system, 600 ft (183 m) f 1995 costs. Equipment includes motor and blower package, cyclone receivers, railcar-unloading connections, high-level interlocks for stopping the motor and blower combination when the silos reach a full level, and all necessary piping. Installation is not included. 

Capital Cost - Equipment Low Very High Average High... 

Though both hydrofluorination and reduction were accomplished with relative ease, three significant problems were apparent. First, PuFt is a neutron emitter, requiring considerable protective shielding and creating difficulty in handling. Secondly, the use of HF requires costly equipment which must be resistant to corrosion. Finally, the salt from the reduction, CaF2, is not discardable, and must be processed to recover residual plutonium. 

Limitations of ECR Plasma. The limitations of ECR plasma are a more difficult process control and more costly equipment due to the added complication of the magnetic field. In addition, lower pressure (10 to 10 Torr) is required, as opposed to 0.1 to 1 Torr for RF plasma deposition, as well as the need for a high-intensity magnetic field. Since there is the added variable of the magnetic field, the processing is more difficultto control. 

Plasma-Arc Deposition. A plasma-arc is a high-intensity, low-frequency arc, generated between two electrodes by either direct or alternating current which requires a large amount of power and costly equipment. 

The advantages of solvent reflux are that the low cost equipment is very simple and the extractions... 

ASIC EQUIPMENT AVERAGE (Mild steel equipment) High percentage of corrosion materials and other high unit cost equipment involving little field erection 12.5/7.5 11 5/6.7 10.8/6 10/5.5 9.2/5.2 8.5/5 8/4.8... 

TYPE OF EQUIPMENT VERY HIGH UNIT COST EQUIPMENT MOSTLY ALLOY STEEL MIXED MATERIALS MOSTLY CARB. STEEL ... 

X-ray fluorescence 20 ppm-0.1% 5-10% best suited to heavy elements in light matrices, very simple to operate costly equipment qualitative and quantitative applications... 

Farmers have not taken up soil injection to any great extent probably because of its apparent complexity and capital cost although low cost equipment is now available. However with increasing environmental pressures particularly on aerial pollution, farmers may yet find that injection could be an economic and acceptable solution to (at least part) of their slurry problem. 

In 1992, the estimated treatment cost associated with the technology was 211/m of soil treated. This assumes the treatment of 25,000 m of soil at a treatment rate of 2.5 m /hr. This costs includes engineering and development costs, equipment and installation costs, and all other costs related to process operation and burying of the treated soil (D16706Q, p. ix). 

The pure compound salvinorin A is active at 200 - 500 meg when vaporized and inhaled. Since very few people have the costly equipment necessary to accurately weigh anything close to this small an amount, it is inevitable that people will try to visually estimate the dose. Unfortunately there is little room for error before the effects become potentially dangerous. 

The main advantage of cast propellant charges consists of the ease with which very large charges may be made without very costly equipment. 

A sensitive spectrophotometric method based on the strong absorption of the aminochrome-sodium bisulfite addition products (see Section IV, F) at ca. 350 m/x. has been described recently by van Espen128and Oesterling and Tse 277-278 for determining total catecholamines. While not as sensitive as the fluorimetric procedures, this method is considerably more sensitive than the older colorimetric methods based on the visible absorption peak of the aminochromes. Also, it does not have many of the disadvantages (e.g. costly equipment and unstable blanks) often associated with fluorimetric techniques. The basic procedure can be satisfactorily applied to the differential determination of mixtures of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine.178... 

The combination of keto cyanine dyes with commercial ionophores makes the design of ion-selective optodes feasible, and the use of the IWAO permits increased sensitivity using simple and low-cost equipment so that analysis of a target analyte can be performed in different application fields. 

Pressure (psi) Temp (°C) Total equipment cost ( ) Equipment cost (per yr)( ) Operating cost (per yr) ( ) Total cost ( /yr) Total cost ( /gal)... 

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