Labor-Intensive System

Level of unionization varies among countries. Industrial actions take place often in Europe, but are rare in the United States 

Trade unions are strong and pragmatic, which means that companies can sign agreements with them 

Trade unions are present but their influence is declining except in certain sectors, such as mining and railroads 

Trade union movement, with political links, is active and volatile, although it is becoming less important 

Workers can join the government controlled trade unions. There have been recent strikes at Hong Kong owned manufacturing facilities 

---

We describe the common traits of supply chains in EE - country-specific preferences, informal logistics infrastructure, labor intensive systems, and distribution systems. 

The laser-based gun tube inspection systems are intended to augment and, perhaps eventually, replace the labor-intensive, time consuming and subjective visual inspection methods that are currently employed by these facilities. 

When drying catde hides in tropical arid climates, the hides are scraped clean of desh, then stretched on racks, and dried slowly in the shade. An apphcation of an insecticide may be used. This method is slow, labor intensive, and unreHable for heavy hides. The system is only used in mral tropical areas and is not appHcable to modem commercial catde hide production (3). 

There are four key advantages to handling separated materials (/) separated materials systems are far less labor-intensive than other collection schemes (as mentioned eadier, labor costs are the largest component of most recovery facihties operating expenses) (2) the equipment needed to handle separated material is relatively simple and inexpensive (J) source separation is often the only method of resource recovery suitable for small communities ... 

A significant problem area for initial SCR systems has been the continuous emission monitoring (CEM) systems. In power plants, all sites equipped with CEM systems report the highest failure frequency. The CEM systems are the most labor intensive component, requiring as much as hill-time attention from one technician. At one power plant CEM systems were responsible for 100% of 73 reported SCR system shutdowns (38). As CEM systems improve, these concerns may disappear. 

Finally, it is interesting to compare NETtalk s skills with the skills of commercially available text-to-speech systems such as DECtalk. Unlike NETtalk, DECtalk uses both extensive (and labor intensive) look up tables that store the phonetic transcription of common and not so common words and sets of phonological rules for words not in its main look up table. While DECtalk performs undeniably better than NETtalk, the comparison is not really a fair one. DECtalk is a combined r sult of many years worth of careful linguistic analysis and codification. NETtalk, on the other hand, is a self-contained. system that (in the span of a few hours worth of DEC VAX CPU time) can learn enough on its own from a set of simple examples to be both intelligible and accurate. 

The labor-intensive nature of polymer tensile and flexure tests makes them logical candidates for automation. We have developed a fully automated instrument for performing these tests on rigid materials. The instrument is comprised of an Instron universal tester, a Zymark laboratory robot, a Digital Equipment Corporation minicomputer, and custom-made accessories to manipulate the specimens and measure their dimensions automatically. Our system allows us to determine the tensile or flexural properties of over one hundred specimens without human intervention, and it has significantly improved the productivity of our laboratory. This paper describes the structure and performance of our system, and it compares the relative costs of manual versus automated testing. 

Asymmetric epoxidation systems using iron porphyrin heme-mimics are also known, however the labor-intensive and expensive syntheses is hmiting their applications [49]. 

The closure of the twist-off jars is rather labor-intensive. In addition there is also a risk of leakage, even when using the twist-off lid system. Particularly with fatty materials, the jars can become fatty and slippery on their outer surface. The consequence can be that the closing machine cannot fix the jar in one position and the jar start to rotate during closure, resulting in a poorly closed lid, which can start to leak... 

In the future, it is likely that many labor-intensive functional immunological assays performed in vivo or ex vivo will be replaced by high throughput multiparameter cytometric-based assays. The challenges faced both today and in the future have been recently described.56 For example, translational aspects of the nonclinical data to the clinical setting are difficult because despite much similarity, there are still species differences in some of the very basic aspects of the immune system. Additionally, reagents... 

From a manufacturing standpoint, preparation of the double-antibody immune complex can be very labor intensive. For optimal manufacturability and analytical performance of this system, it is important to have a secondary antibody with a moderate to high affinity so that a mixture of immune complexes of appropriate molecular weights is formed. The molecular size and shape of complexes formed depends on a number of parameters, such as temperature, buffer characteristics, ionic strength and the presence of other solution components such as detergents. These conditions must be carefully controlled or else species of very high molecular weight could be formed due to temperature or buffer interactions. Lot-to-lot variability in the primary and secondary antibody raw materials can also affect the solid phase performance if not properly controlled. 

This seemingly simple series of events does not address all the requirements. If the device is preparing media does that mean it prepares a buffer to be diluted or only degasses the premixed media When media is dispensed, is there a need to perform a preliminary dispense to assure removal of the previous media If samples are to be read on-line is dilution required prior to reading Systems intended for method development (MD) will have many different requirements than one intended for QA. The value of the automation to the user may be very different for each of these two areas. In fact the MD user may not appreciate the need to automate more than one run at a time and will prefer a semiautomated system, since the MD user may have many different experiments to perform that may be labor intensive. Just a few... 

Third, the problem must be important. It must be a problem whose computer-aided solution creates value by some measure. Such problems may require substantial expertise, or they may be simple, repetitive, and labor intensive, test. No one will invest in a system if the problems are infrequently encountered and can be solved quickly by persons of normal intelligence. 

Natural products, from plants and foods to rocks and minerals, are complicated systems, but their analysis by Raman spectroscopy is a growing area. Most examples come from quality control laboratories, motivated to replace current time-consuming sample preparation and analysis steps with a less labor-intensive, faster technique but most authors anticipated the eventual application to process control. Often a method will be practiced in a trading house or customs facility to distinguish between items perceived to be of different qualities, and thus prices. 

The labor intensive replacement of membranes in plate and frame systems has been facilitated in the "leaf-module" design of Dorr Oliver (Figure 16). Here a number of plates are assembled in a disposable cartridge where the process stream flows over the plates and the permeate is ducted to a common header. 

Toxic characteristics of industrial wastewater in many countries are still assessed using fish [106-108]. The standardized procedure describes testing with different species in different life stages. For ethical reasons, as well as those linked to cost- and time-effectiveness, labor-intensiveness, analytical output, and effluent sample volume requirements, there is unquestionable value in searching for alternative procedures that would ehminate the drawbacks associated with fish testing. Investigators therefore use an in vitro cell system, which can greatly decrease the need for the in vivo hsh model [37]. 

---