Static culture

The amount of land required varies as well, not only as a function of the amount of production that is anticipated, but also on the type of culture system that is used. It may take several hectares of static culture ponds to produce the same biomass of animals as one modest size raceway through which large volumes of water are constantly flowed. Constmction costs vary from one location to another. Local labor and fuel costs must be factored into the equation. The experience of contractors in building aquaculture facihties is another factor to be considered. 

I. lacteus Static culture inoculated with 2.5 mg L-1 >95% after 14 days [50]... 

The dye Poly R-478 was decolorized to a much greater extent and at slightly faster rate when the culture was supplemented with Mn(II), while the opposite was obtained for Poly S-119. They found a correlation between polymeric dye decolor-ization and peroxidative activity of fungus under static or immobilized condition in air-lift bioreactor. Immobilized culture produced LiP and MnP enzymes over a longer time than static cultures. 

Urra J, Sepulveda L, Contreras E, Palma C (2006) Screening of static culture and comparison of batch and continuous culture for the textile dye biological decolorization by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Brazilian J Chem Eng 23 281-290... 

Figure 27. Human osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in cultures on porous (A) or fibrous (B) poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds. A A summarizing picture of horizontal optical sections. The depth of cell ingrowth into the pores (average pore diameter of 400-600 mm) is indicated by spectral colors (blue 0-60 mm, green 80-160 mm, yellow 180-220 mm, orange 240-300 mm, red 320-400 mm, violet 420-480 mm). Day 14 after seeding, cells stained with propidium iodide. B cells grown for 4 days in static culture followed by 2 days in dynamic perfusion cell culture system. Cell membrane stained with Texas Red C2-maleimide and the nuclei counterstained with Hoechst 33342. Leica TCS SP2 confocal microscope, objective 5x (A) or lOx (B) [37].

Biological. Bromodichloromethane showed significant degradation with gradual adaptation in a static-culture flask-screening test (settled domestic wastewater inoculum) conducted at 25 °C. At concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L, percent losses after 4 wk of incubation were 59 and 51, respectively. At a substrate concentration of 5 mg/L, 8% was lost due to volatilization after 10 d (Tabak et ah, 1981). 

In a static-culture-flask screening test, diethyl phthalate showed significant biodegradation with rapid adaptation. The ester (5 and 10 mg/L) was statically incubated in the dark at 25 °C with yeast extract and settled domestic wastewater inoculum. After 7 d, 100% biodegradation was achieved (Tabak et al, 1981). 

Third type of culture is stroma-non contact . In this system primitive progenitor cells are sustained when cells are co-cultured with irradiated allogeneic stroma but separated from it by the 0,4 micron membrane in transwell inserts (Costar, Cambridge, MA). These cultures are maintained by daily supplementation of stromal feeder conditioned media (Roller et al. 1998, Verfaillie, 2001) successfiilly expanded umbilical cord blood cells in a novel automated perfusion culture system. Development these approaches followed in the studies of investigators who incorporated the stromal components into the expansion culture. Recently published trials by McNiece et al. 2000 are more encouraging where cells were expanded in static culture for 10 days in Teflon bags (American Fluoroseal, USA). 

In the Licari and Bailey Model [102] and also in the latest Hu and Bentley Model [105] it is proposed that the infection process be described by the Poisson distribution with mean and variance equal to a.MOI. The a-value has been proposed to be dependent on the physical system and a value of a = 0.04 was proposed for static systems [102]. For agitated systems suspension cultures Hu and Bentley proposed a value of a = 0.08 because they state that agitation systems enable higher efficiency of contact between viruses and cells [105]. This is not absolutely true, at least the true reason is not the higher mixing level but the fact that in static cultures, less cell surface is exposed to the virus, since to the cells are attached to a surface. This gives an overall constant of attachment 3-4 fold lower than in suspension systems [61]. 

Poth and Focht (1985) reported on a series of experiments with N. europaea in which [ NJnitrite or [ N]nitrate was mixed with NH, and the rates of formation and isotope compositions of nitrite and N2O were followed. The systems were either well oxygenated (shaken) or poorly oxygenated (static). When shaken, no N2O was produced by the cultures. With static cultures, N2O but not N2 was produced in the presence of nitrite but not nitrate, and nitrite was the preferred source of N for N2O. The observed N20/ N20 ratio was 0.25 rather... 

Fig. 2 Shape and structure of BC. a molecular cellulose chain, b scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of freeze-dried nanofiber network (magnification 10000), c pellicle of bacterial nanocellulose from common static culture...

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