Labor charges

The divers who were involved in the construction of these docks and breakers got 540 per day. Since they could only work during slack water, a diver might only be submerged for an hour or two a day, and when he was down there must be another diver above water. The salaries of the other workers were also high but did not compare with the divers . It was expected that labor charges alone would be 20% greater than if the same work were performed in the contiguous 48 states. 

We must wait two more months before the judgment would be rendered. Duke Minskoff and I took a long holiday through Italy, Belgium, Holland, France, and Luxemburg. He was carefree, convinced that all the directors would be found guilty on the slave-labor charge. I didn t reflect much on the case until we got back and met a nervous Sprecher. 

The cost of the product of an energy conversion system must equal the sum of fuel expenses and capital (and labor.) charges. It is often convenient to express the product cost in terms of the average.unit cost of product, Ap, and the total amount of product, Pp,.or prc(duct = pp Similarly the fuel costs may be expressed as fuel = A-fPf- Equation 25 may now be written as... 

Thus, an increase from 15 to 16 ft for the specified tube length could cause a reduction in the total cost for the unit, because the labor charge for cutting the standard-length tubes would be eliminated. In addition, replacement of tubes might become necessary after the heat exchanger has been in use, and the replacement costs with 16-ft tubes would probably be less than with 15-ft tubes. 

L = Labor charge per hour (see Table 4 and labor rates),... 

Fixed charges Labor charge Supply expense Power charge ... 

Note that labor charges represent from approximately one-half to two-thirds of the total operating costs (including capital charges) for the four cases considered. 

If 16 staff are required to operate a 200 tonne/day sulfuric acid plant, this expression allows us to determine that only about 24 staff (16 x (1,000/200)° ) should be needed to operate a 1,000 tonne/day plant. Thus, when operating at full capacity, the larger plant would only have three-tenths the labor charge of the smaller plant, per unit of product. 

The item for labor is crucial in any water conversion plant of this size. Total annual labor charges of 3600 are estimated, allowing 1500 hours per year. This estimate includes 2 hours per day, or a little over 700 hours per year of operating attendance, with the balance being available for maintenance of stacks and other items. Maintenance of each of the six stacks in the plant is estimated at four times per year, or 24 total stack disassemblies per year involving not more than 16 man-hours per disassembly. 

As explained by Volckman, major part of the labor charge is for periodic replacement of membranes. Membranes assumed that last 4 times longer than Volckman s. Cost of labor reduced to 2/s of Volckman s value to be on conservative side. 

The method properly gives little consideration to linear length of pipe since the fabrication and erection costs are practically identical whether a pair of elbows are 3 ft or 15 ft apart. However, when standard lengths of pipe are joined together, this is counted as a connection and totaled in the inch-diameter column for labor charges. 

In tenns of initial investinent and floor area requirements, plate-and-frame filters are inexpensive in comparison to other filters. They can be operated at full capacity (all frames in use) or at reduced capacity by blanking off some of the frames by dummy plates. They can deliver reasonably well washed and relatively dry cakes. However, the combination of labor charges for removing the cakes and fixed charges for downtime may constitute a high percentage of the total cost per operating cycle. 

Demobilization Costs - Site demobilization will include shutdown of the q>erati(Hi, final decontamination and removal of equipment, site cleanup and restoration, permanent storage costs, and site security. Site demobilization costs will vary depending on whether the treatment operation occurs at a Superfimd site or at a RCRA-corrective action site. Demobilization at the latter type of site will require detailed closure and post-closure plans and permits. Demobilizaticxi at a Superfund site does not require as extensive post-closure care for example, 30-year monitoring is not required. This analysis assumed site demobilization costs are limited to the removal of all equipment and facilities from the site. It is estimated that demobilization would take about two weeks and consist primarily of labor charges. Labor costs include salary and living expenses. Demobilization is estimated to be 10,000. 

Cost reductions are also frequently possible because the application and cure of adhesives can often be automated. The resulting savings in labor charges frequently return the cost of investment for new equipment in a matter of months. 

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