Hand-labor costs

This same compound can be used to retard the development of both vegetative and reproductive axillary shoots if it is applied at a time when the axillary meristems are preferentially more susceptible than the terminal meristem. Work is currently in progress to evaluate this compound as a partial substitute for hand removal of undesired lateral flower buds from chrysanthemums. Estimates have been made that the hand-labor costs to remove floral disbuds from a 100-foot bed of standard mums is at least 24-40. It is expected that the chemical can be used in such a way that at least 50% of the disbudding operation can be accomplished chemically at a substantial savings in labor cost to the florist. 

The most important considerations in marketing and estabUshing a crop from a new source are constancy of supply and quahty. Eor some spices, it is difficult to reduce labor costs, as some crops demand individual manual treatment even if grown on dedicated plantations. Only the individual stigmas of the saffron flower must be picked cinnamon bark must be cut, peeled, and roUed in strips mature unopened clove buds must be picked by hand and orchid blossoms must be hand pollinated to produce the vanilla bean. 

Multiple-hearth roasting offers ease of operation, abiUty to handle a wide variety of ores or blends, and Httle downtime. On the other hand, these furnaces are no longer being built because of their high capital and labor costs, relatively low sulfur dioxide off-gas, need for added fuel, and marginal opportunity for waste-heat recovery. 

Applique Unit cost high Labor cost high Investment moderate to high Somewhat limited Unrestricted Not critical Good durability Hand operation Allows unusual effects. 

The types of products that contain PET fibers will expand, especially in areas such as nonwoven fabrics used for disposable items, e.g. industrial fabrics for diapers, disposable wipes, filters, etc. These are products that do not require much hand labor, and are relatively well protected from low labor costs in developing countries. Bicomponent fibers based on PET will become more prevalent as the production technology becomes more widespread, in areas where the bico approach can enhance properties or economics. 

For most odour nuisance problems, chemical plants, refineries, livestock production, food processing, rendering, water purification plants etc., the compounds responsible for the odour are known. So chemical analysis of the odour can be limited to these odorants, and selective concentrating techniques can be used. Selective concentrating methods are based on specific absorption techniques, using particular chemical reactions of odorant classes. Sometimes several absorption methods have to be used in order to describe the odour problem, thus increasing the labor cost of the analysis. On the other hand absorption methods allow better quantitative results. Selective absorption of odorants from air produces a far less complex mixture. We developed or are developing several of these methods for aldehydes, amines, acids, thiols etc. 

Weeding done exclusively by hand often involves from 80 to 120 man-hours per acre. Current labor costs in our northern nurseries are at least 85 cents per hour. At 100 man-hours per acre, costs of hand weeding would be 85 per acre, which is indeed a sharp contrast with the cost of weed elimination with mineral spirits, which can be done at only 21 to 27% or less of the cost of hand weeding. 

Moisture-Based Adhesives. The thin film of moisture-diluted adhesive applied costs very little per 1000 labels, plus labor costs. Plain paper is most widely applied to glass, but can be applied to metal, particularly in the form of a complete wraparound label. Application can be by hand, semiautomatic, or fully automatic methods. Speeds of 1000 or more per min can be achieved. 

Spray-Up. Instead of hand lay-up, continuous glass roving and liquid resin are fed into a gun, which chops the glass fiber, mixes it with the resin, and sprays it into the mold. This can be automated for lower labor cost and greater uniformity. Spraying is often followed by hand-rolling to expel air and density the assembly. Then it is allowed to stand until cured. Products are similar to those from simple hand lay-up. 

Labor productivity and total labor cost is another important factor with a heavy impact on the total cost of the project. Even if there is a hardworking labor force their productivity could be affected by the lack of the proper hand tools and construction equipment. 

Case conveyors should be long enough to accumulate the cases rather than having an extra operator to stack them off the system when the palletizer shuts down. The cost of the accumulation conveyor must be compared with the extra labor cost incurred by hand stacking the cases. Return on investment criteria should be used to make this decision. Case conveyors should be at least 10% faster than the... 

Tray processes have a long history in the production of traditional fermented foods such as soy sauce, koji, and tempe, and more recently have been used for commercial production of enzymes, but these processes are small- to medium-rather than large-scale [132,133]. Due to the difficulty of automating the handling of trays, handling is usually done by hand, leading to relatively high labor costs. Therefore tray processes are only economical where labor costs are low. 

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