Cost for the installations

The annual cost for the installed piping system may be expressed as... 

The sum of costs for piping, insulation, and instrumentation can be estimated to be 60 percent of the cost for the installed equipment. Annual fixed charges amount to 15 percent of the total cost for installed equipment, piping, instrumentation, and insulation. 

A solvent-extraction operation is carried out continuously in a plate column with gravity flow. The unit is operated 24 h/day. A feed rate of 1500 ft3/day must be handled 300 days per year. The allowable velocity per square foot of cross-sectional tower area is 40 ft3 of combined solvent and charge per hour. The annual fixed costs for the installation can be predicted from the following equation ... 

The 45 and 90 metric ton/day facilities were designed to include two and four individual modules, respectively. The modules were operated three shifts/day, five days a week and included automatic ash removal. Heat recovery was included in all of the cases considered. Table VII details the capital costs for these units, both without a particulate control and with fabric filters for particulate control. Table VIII summarizes the operating costs for the installations. For both sizes of installation, particulate control adds 4/metric ton to the operating cost. Figure 3 illustrates the effect of steam value on the operating costs. 

Operational costs for the installation mentioned in the operational data section are EUR 6.3/tonne good casting. 

Vertical towers for absorption, distillation, and stripping utilize trays (plates) and/or packing. Mulct et al. (1981b) present a method for estimating the purchase cost of trays installed in a vertical tower. This cost is added to Eq. (16.52) to obtain the total purchase cost. The cost for the installed trays, Cj, all with downcomers, is given by... 

This method, sample containing liquid or solid is sealed in a closed container with an empty space for vapour to be volatilised and collected. The sample is warmed up for a period of time to reach equilibrium in the container. The vapwur above the liquid is sampled and injected into the column using pressure as the injection mode. This technique started about 30 years ago. It is already one technique used in the USP 34 to determine the residual solvents in pharmaceutical ingredients as well as in BP 2010. In herbal medicine, this technique becomes very popular due to the ease, convenience, requiring low amount of specimen and less time consuming. The drawback is that an extra cost for the installation of the headspace part. At present rapid headspace solid phase extraction were employed for determination of volatile components in herbs, flowers and wine flavour (Cha, 2009 Won, 2009 Boutou, 2007). 

The cost for the installation of a BNCT facility at an existing reactor will depend heavily on the modifications necessary at the reactor to install the facility as discussed earlier. Based on actual reactor modification costs at several research reactors, the following estimates are presented ... 

The structural costs of impressed current protection of harbor and coastal structures are about 1.5 to 2.5% of the total cost of the object to be protected. As an example, for the installation of a cathodic protection station in a tanker discharge jetty, the construction costs amounted to 2.2% of the total costs. The annual cost of current, maintenance, testing, and repairs amounted to 5% of the construction costs of the cathodic protection [22]. 

Three of the disadvantages of ESPs are as follows (1) the initial cost is the highest of any particulate collection system, (2) a large amount of space is required for the installation, and (3) ESPs are not suitable for combustible particles such as grain or wood dust. 

Electricity is normally charged for on the basis of power (kilowatts) and the supply authority must install plant whose rating (and therefore cost) is a function of the voltage of the system and the current which the consumer takes (i.e. kilo-volt-amps). The relationship between the two is kW = kVA x cos (j> where cos (j> is the power factor and is less than 1.0. In the case of loads which have a low power, factor the supply authority is involved in costs for the provision of plant which are not necessarily reflected in the kWh used. A penalty tariff may then be imposed which makes it economically worthwhile for the consumer to take steps to improve his power factor. Low power factors occur when the load is predominantly either inductive or capacitive in nature (as opposed to resistive). In most industrial circumstances where the load includes a preponderance of motors, the load is inductive (and the power factor is therefore lagging). Consequently, if the power factor is to be brought nearer to unity the most obvious method is to add a significant capacitive component to the load. 

The laboratory area had no ventilation, and the system used elsewhere in the building was unable to handle the extra load. As a result, a separate system had to be installed. At the laboratory operator s insistence, this was to be a system -with no recirculation of ah . There was considerable resistance from management due to the higher cost for both installation and operation. To make matters more difficult, the heating engineer had never seen a need for such a system on previous jobs. One argument finally settled the situation. It was pointed out that fragrance evaluations would often have to be performed as part of product evaluation. This would be difficult if much of the air were recirculated. 

F, B, and n have been estimated from cost data published by the Institution of Chemical Engineers, IChemE (1987), updated to mid-1992. This includes the cost of fittings, installation and testing. A log-log plot of the data gives the following expressions for the installed cost ... 

The use of equations 5.14 and 5.15 are illustrated in Examples 5.6 and 5.7, and the results compared with those obtained by other authors. Peters and Timmerhaus s formulae give larger values for the economic pipe diameters, which is probably due to their low value for the installation cost factor, F. 

If the corrosion rate is uniform, then the optimum material can be selected by calculating the annual costs for the possible candidate materials. The annual cost will depend on the predicted life, calculated from the corrosion rate, and the purchased cost of the equipment. In a given situation, it may prove more economic to install a cheaper material with a high corrosion rate and replace it frequently rather than select a more resistant but more expensive material. This strategy would only be considered for relatively simple... 

The operational cost of the DAF clarifier is slightly higher than that for the settler, but this is offset by the considerably lower cost of the installation s financing. 

The cost of a carbon steel heat exchanger needs to be adjusted for the material of construction. Because of the low pressure rating, no correction for pressure is required (Table 2.5), but the cost needs to be adjusted for the material of construction. From Table 2.4, /m =2.9, and the total cost of the installed equipment can be estimated from Equation 2.6 and Table 2.7. If the project is a complete new plant, the contribution of the heat exchanger to the total cost can be estimated to be ... 

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