Engineering, civil

Civil is a very broad branch of engineering, and it includes at least seven major specialized areas of practice  

Transportation engineers are concerned with the planning and layout of highways, airports, harbors and ports, and mass transportation systems. They plan and design transportation terminals and devise and operate systems for the control of vehicular traffic. 

Geotechnical engineers are concerned with the structural behavior of soil and rock. They analyze earth support systems and design foundations, earth walls, and highway and airport pavements. 

Hydraulic and water resources engineers are concerned with the flow of water through ditches, conduits, canals, dams, and estuaries. They use their special knowledge of fluid mechanics to design dams, irrigation systems, municipal water works, and drainage and erosion control systems. 

Environmental engineers are concerned with solid waste management, air and water pollution, and control of pesticides and radiological hazards. They design and oversee the operation of water treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor pollutants in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams. 

There is clearly an overlap between civil and structural engineering, certainly so in terms of the definition of a structure quoted above (Section 18.1, p. 203), which embraces all load-bearing constructions. How these two disciplines are integrated or co-ordinated depends on the skills and inclinations of the project team. For the purposes of this book (and in many project teams) there is no real separation, and parts of what is quoted under one heading are applicable under the other. As a generalization, the structural engineer deals with steel structures which 

Re-emphasizing the commentary made in Chapter 17 on the subject of plant drainage, it is essential (before releasing bulk earthworks and plant infrastructural designs for construction) to ensure that the layout and elevations employed correspond to a comprehensive and acceptable plant drainage design. 

Whether the machine foundations are designed by the vendor or by the project civil engineer in accordance with the vendor s requirements, there may be features, details, and tolerances requested which are difficult to achieve, expensive, and unnecessary. These circumstances are apt to come about as a consequence of the way the machines are procured the machine supplier may have little incentive to concern himself with the problems of foundation construction - on the contrary. 

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It should be emphasized that capital cost estimates using installation factors are at best crude and at worst highly misleading. When preparing such an estimate, the designer spends most of the time on the equipment costs, which represent typically 20 to 40 percent of the total installed cost. The bulk costs (civil engineering, labor, etc.) are factored costs which lack definition. At best, this type of estimate can be expected to be accurate to 30 percent. 

Waterproofing, whether it has to do with protecting civil engineering structures or roofs or terraces. Poured asphalt, often placed in layers with kraft paper, oxidized bitumen or modified bitumen can be used, generally with copolymer. The modified bitumen are used for the making prefabricated multi-layer waterproofing composites. 

The performance of the classifier has been verified using a number of practical applications, such as civil engineering [3], inspection of aerospace composite structures, ball bearings and aircraft multi-layer structures. Here we present shortly some results, focusing on detection of disbonds in adhesively joint multi-layer aerospace structures using Fokker Bond Tester resonance instrument, details can be found in [1]. 

Andrews, J. Blanchard, T. Stepinski, L. Ericsson, Ultrasonic spectroscopy for NDT, Presented at Int. Symp. Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE), Berlin, 1995... 

P. Shaw - FORCE Institute, Sweden CIVIL ENGINEERING... 

There remains a great deal of work to be done before NDE in Civil Engineering ean reaeh the technological standards and level of sophistication which is found in established and traditional NDE-branches. There are NDE- methods presently available, however, which are reliable and which can be put to practical use on site, but their potential is not being fully exploited. 

Recent conferences held on the subject of NDE in Civil Engineering, e.g. NDE-CE 1993,... 

As for radiography it seems that the lack of attention is due to a combination of trends and fashion, coupled to a general unawareness of this technique amongst the civil engineering community. 

A list from experience of typical and most common inspection requirements in civil engineering in reeent years and the methods applied is given below ... 

It also requires two- sided aceess to the structural element in question. The degree of contrast between homogenius concrete and concrete with voids will not decrease linearly with increasing thickness, and the maximum practical thickness of concrete elements which can be studied for small voids using film radiography is of course limited, but sufficient for most civil engineering applications. 

The common civil engineering seismic testing techniques work on the principles of ultrasonic through transmission (UPV), transient stress wave propagation and reflection (Impact Echo), Ultrasonic Pulse Echo (UPE) and Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW). 

Based on the technology developed for using PVA fiber as a replacement for asbestos in cement products, Kuraray has been developing thick fibers for reinforcing concrete (42). Super-thick fibers with a thickness of 39 tex (350 den) (200 p.m in diameter) to 444 tex (4000 den) (660 p.m in diameter) are now available the 39 tex material is used for reinforcing various mortar-based cement products and the 444 tex material for reinforcing concrete in civil engineering works such as tuimels, roads, harbors, and bays. 

Measurement by Liquid Level. The flow rate of Hquids flowing in open channels is often measured by the use of weirs (see Liquid-LEVEL measurement). The most common type is the rectangular weir shown in Figure 22e. The flow rate across such a weir varies approximately with the quantity. Other shapes of weirs are also employed. Standard civil engineering handbooks describe the precautions necessary for constmcting and interpreting data from weirs. 

High performance fibers are generally characterized by remarkable unit tensile strength and resistance to heat, flame, and chemical agents that normally degrade conventional fibers. Applications include uses in the aerospace, biomedical, civil engineering, constmction, protective apparel, geotextiles, and electronic areas. 

InternationalHigh-Eevel Radioactive Waste Conference, Eas Wegas, Nev., 1994, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Id., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 

The civil engineering market for scrap tires encompasses several distinct uses. Whole tires have been used to constmct retaining walls and crash barriers. One pubhcized use is the constmction of houses and at least one motel (7). Whole tires have been used in erosion control, and to constmct breakwaters and artificial reefs. 

Collins, Ramaswamy, Ahmed, and Blumenthal, in Inyang and Bergeson, eds.. Utilisation of Waste Materials in Civil Engineering Construction. 

J. R. Sammgard, Ground Rubber and Civil Engineering Marketsfor Scrap Tires, Aug. 1994. 

R. V. van Zanten, ed.. Geotextiles and Geomembranes in Civil Engineering A. A. Balkema Publishing, Rotteidam, The Nethedands, 1986. 

Water Environment Eederation (formerly Water Pollution Control Eederation) and American Society of Civil Engineers, xleration Wastewater Treatment Process, Manual of Practice No. FD-13, Alexandria, Va. and New York (1988). 

Irwin J. Kugelman, Sc.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, Leliigh University Member, American Society of Civil Engineering, Water Environmental Federation (Section 25, Waste Management)... 

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