Processing, labor-intensive

A rack and frame press uses heavy nylon cloth positioned in a wooden frame inside a rack. A measured amount of apple or other fmit mash is added from a hopper above the frame. The mash is leveled with a hand trowel and the edges of the nylon cloth are folded over the mash to encase it and create a cheese. The frame is removed, and a second rack is placed on top of the first cheese the process is repeated until a stack of cheeses is prepared. A hydrauhc ram then appHes gradually increa sing pressure on the stack and expresses the juice. A high yield of juice (80%) is obtained and no press aid is required. Because this process is labor intensive (17), it is mostly used for small farm and pilot-plant operations. 

The main disadvantage of producing EMD in the form of a soHd deposit on the anode is that the process must be intermpted to remove the anodes from the cells. Stripping the Mn02 is a labor-intensive operation. A number of continuous processes have been devised to generate the Mn02 as a precipitate that collects at the bottom of the cell where it can be removed without intermption of the electrolysis (86—89). 

Zinc arc spraying is an inexpensive process in terms of equipment and raw materials. Only 55—110 g/m is required for a standard 0.05—0.10 mm Zn thickness. It is more labor intensive, however. Grit blasting is a slow process, at a rate of 4.5 m /h. AppHcation of an adhesive paint layer is much quicker, 24 m /h, although the painted part must be baked or allowed to air dry. Arc sprayed 2inc is appHed at a rate of 9—36 m /h to maintain the plastic temperature below 65°C. The actual price of the product depends on part complexity, number of parts, and part size. A typical price in 1994 was in the range of 10—32/m. ... 

The initial step in the recycle of metals is the physical segregation of the metals from other materials. Eor new scrap this process is straightforward for old scrap it can be expensive. This classification and segregation of scrap is of importance to the producers of the metals from secondary materials. Historically, much of the classification has rehed on hand sorting which can be rehable, but it is labor intensive. The recycling of automotive scrap is illustrative of the... 

In the gum rosin process, pine trees are wounded to stimulate the flow of gum. V-shaped slashes are cut through the bark, and the exudate is collected in a bucket below the slash. Production is stimulated by painting sulfuric acid on the slashes. The oleoresin (exudate) is separated by distillation into gum spidts of turpentine and gum rosin. The gum turpentine industry has decreased in importance in the 1990s because it is labor-intensive. The process is carried out in Russia, the People s Repubflc of China, Indonesia, Portugal, Brazil, and Mexico. 

The third category, cake filters, although well developed in many wastewater treatment applications, are the least developed of the filtration equipment use by the Biotech Industry. In the organic synthesis laboratory sometimes very simple equipment like a funnel and filter paper is used to accomplish this operation. Some other operations used for this filtration step in the lab are more sophisticated, but many are very labor intensive and limit the capacity of the overall production process itself. As a result, there is a need for optimization of the cake filtration equipment used in biotechnology. Cake filtration equipment is available in batch and continuous modes. Following are several examples of cake filtration units ... 

Where the process is a labor intensive, low-cost workers are required in numbers (for example, textiles and clothing). The cost of capital has little effect on the choice of location as capital sources can be from anywhere. The ability, however, to repatriate profits and the proceeds from the sales of assets and exposure to foreign exchange risk are important if the location options are abroad. This factor becomes more relevant, the greater the capital intensity of the project. 

Generally the lower the process pressure, the larger the product that can be produced. With most labor-intensive fabricating methods, such as RP hand lay-up with TS plastic, relatively slow process curing reaction time of the plastic can be used so that there is virtually no limit on size (Fig. 8-63). 

In general, the cleanup of oiled shorelines has been by mechanical, labor-intensive means. The use of surfactants to deterge and lift the oil from the surface results in more complete and rapid cleaning. Not only is the cleaning process more efficient, but it can also be less environmentally damaging because potentially less human intrusion and stress on the biologic community occurs and because the chemicals can make the washing more effective at a lower temperature. 

The iron and steel industry is currently on an upsurge because of strong global and local demands. It plays a critical role in the infrastructural and overall economic development of a country. The versatility of steel can be understood from its wide range of applications in the construction, transportation, and process industries. There has been a remarkable growth in world crude steel production, from 189 million metric tons in 1950 to 1244 million metric tons in 2006 (International Iron and Steel Institute, IISI). However, the steel production process is an energy-, raw-material, and labor-intensive process, accounting for major environmental releases.17... 

Manually processing each chromatographic peak is not only time and labor intensive but difficult to reproduce. To overcome these problems and to provide a consistent data format that was independent of retention time, a number of data-processing subroutines were automated to produce a single representative cellular protein spectrum. 

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