Labor, engineering

Country Equipment Material Labor Engineering Total... 

The production potential formed by material resources and manpower. These are the means of production (buildings, constructions, and equipment), technologies, laborers, engineers, and technicians. 

It should be emphasized that capital cost estimates using installation factors are at best crude and at worst highly misleading. When preparing such an estimate, the designer spends most of the time on the equipment costs, which represent typically 20 to 40 percent of the total installed cost. The bulk costs (civil engineering, labor, etc.) are factored costs which lack definition. At best, this type of estimate can be expected to be accurate to 30 percent. 

Industrial hygienists work closely with members of several other professions concerned with workplace health and safety, eg, occupational medicine, occupational health nursing, and safety engineering. AH of these groups are involved in the implementation of the laws that regulate workplace health and safety. In the United States the principal law is the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) (1) enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor (U.S. 

The CE Plant Cost Index (7) is also pubHshed monthly in the Chemical Engineering]omaci A. Index values are given for various categories of equipment, installation, labor, building, and supervision, as well as a composite plant cost index. The composite index for complete plant costs, tabulated in Table 1, is frequentiy used for the translation of purchased equipment costs, even though the equipment component of the index would be better. 

The ENR Constmction Cost Index, reported in the Engineering Nem Record, also weights constmction materials and labor. 

These methods have become increasingly popular. While they are similar to the preceding methods, labor ana materials costs are considered separately. Hence it is possible to allow for variations in efficiency and labor costs in different locahties or countries. H. C. Bauman Fundamentals of Cost Engineering in the Chemical Indus-tiy. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1964, p. 295) divides most of the components of Table 9-51 into material and labor components, quoting the data as ranges and medians of the percentage of the total fixed-capital investment. In Table 9-54, Bauman s data have been converted to factors of the delivered-equipment cost for a grass-roots installation. 

Pipefitters, laborers, carpenters, warehouse workers, teamsters, and operating engineers... 

The method uses a breakdown of costs for a typical chemical plant installed in the United States, as shown in Fig. 9-44. Costs of equipment, appurtenances, construction, and engineering with material and labor separate are given as a percentage of total installed United States costs. The four components of cost are defined as follows ... 

Engineering is mainly labor but has a small component cost which can be classified with equipment and materials, such as tools, paper, pencils, and reproduction costs. 

The engineer estimating the operating labor must visualize the plant operation, degree of automation, and the labor climate for the project being estimated. For most hydrocarbon processing plants, each control room should have at least one operator with no outside duties. For very large control rooms, more than one such operator may be needed. 

Tier 0 and Tier 1 costs are direct and indirect costs. They include the engineering, materials, labor, construction, contingency, etc., as well as waste-collection and transportation services (in many cases we simply transform an air pollution problem into a solid waste or wastewater problem that requires final treatment and disposal), raw-material consumption (increase or decrease), and production costs. Tier 2 and... 

US Department of Labor, "System Safety Engineering , Safety Manual No. 15, Mine Safety and Healtli Administration, Waslungton, D.C., 1982. 

The failure of the caloric ship and the financial losses incurred by his backers did not diminish Ericsson s enthusiasm for the air engine. The stationary steam engine had weaknesses It required skilled operators and incurred heavy insurance costs. Ericsson again successfully raised funds to develop a small open-cycle stationary caloric engine with only a rudimentary regenerator. For Ericsson and his backers it was a financial success. Marketed as requiring no water, it could be operated by unskilled labor and, perhaps most important of all, would not explode. 

---