Cost factor

Remer, D. S., and Chai, L. H., Design Cost Factors for Scaling-up Engineering Equipment, Chem. Engg. Progr., 86 Aug. 77, 1990. 

The main cost factor ot coring is usually the rig time spent on the total operation and the follow up investigations in the laboratory. Core analysis is complex and may involve different laboratories. It may therefore take months before final results are available. As a result of the relatively high costs and a long lead time of core evaluations the technique is only used in selected intervals in a number of wells drilled. 

Cost Fa.ctors, The dehvered costs of the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid raw materials often account for more than 90% of the cost of producing NSP, thus the production cost varies considerably with plant location. Because the rock is richer in P2O5 than is the low analysis NSP product, NSP need not be produced near the phosphate mine. However, deUvery of sulfuric acid and shipment of product to market are important cost factors. Most United States NSP plants have been located east of the Mississippi river, with concentration in the southeastern and extreme southern parts of the country where the largest use of the product has occurred. Production and use of the product also has been high in California. 

The principal material cost for the Chilean iodine producers is sulfur used for the manufacture of sulfur dioxide, the reducing agent for the iodates contained in the leach solutions. Also, the use of sodium carbonate for the neutralization of the depleted solutions is an important cost factor. 

Telephone iaterviews are oftea substituted for persoaal visits or are used to supplemeat such visits. They do aot equal persoaal visits but are useful if only a few questions are iavolved or if time and cost parameters preclude extensive personal field calls. Time and cost factors have led to a decline ia the number of persoaal calls made by companies or coasultancys ia their market studies. 

Plastic film Melting point, °C Moisture absorption, % Tensile strength, MPa " Ultimate elongation, % Coefficient of thermal expansion, 10-%K Dissipation factor at 1 kH2 Dielectric constant at 1 kHz Dielectric strength, MV/m Cost factor... 

Undoubtedly cost factors and environmental considerations (recycling of solvents, less toxic or less ha2ardous materials) wih lead to increasing industrial appHcation of this methodology. 

Fig. 13. Comparison of the costs of common copper alloys relative to that of copper. Actual cost factors vary according to individual alloy metal values,...

The cost of the filter station includes not only the installed cost of the filter itself but also that of all the accessories dedicated to the filtration operation. Examples are feed pumps and storage facihties, precoat tanks, vacuum systems (often a major cost factor for a vacuum filter station), and compressed-air systems. The dehvered cost of the accessories plus the cost of installation of filter and accessories generally is of the same order of magnitude as the dehvered filter cost and commonly is several times as large. Installation costs, of course, must be estimated with reference to local labor costs and site-specific considerations. 

Hydraulic-drive samplers are also available, but cost factors tend to be substantially greater than electromechanical units. Recent use of hydraiilic-drive systems has diminished with the availability of increased strength and durabihty electric-motor linear-drive units capable of reliable operation in high-capacity applications. 

DCF Direct installation cost factor SCS Stationary-container systems... 

ICF Indirect installation cost factor VOC Volatile organic compound... 

In terms of an economic determination, gas temperature adjustment is often the most important cost factor in determining whether to use a biofilter or a more conventional system. If the process gas stream is at an extremely high temperature (-i-I00° C), the cost of cooling the inlet gas stream might favor more conventional methods for odor control such as thermal oxidation. 

Most producers believe in the adage quality pays in terms of better reputation and sales, customer loyalty, lower reject rates, service and warranty costs. They should also realize that safety pays in terms of reducing the legal exposure and the tremendous costs that this can incur, both directly and indirectly, for example from compensation, legal fees, time and effort, increased insurance premiums, recalls and publicity (Wright, 1989). Few manufacturers understand all the cost factors involved, and many take a shortsighted view of the actual situation with regard to the costs of safety. 

Type of Fuel Expected Actual Maintenance Cost Relative Maintenance Cost Factor... 

Gas turbines, like other mechanical devices, require inspection, maintenance, and service. Maintenance costs include the combustion system, hot-gas path, and major inspections. (See Chapter 21.) The effect of fuel type on maintenance costs is shown in Table 12-8. A cost factor is shown using natural gas as unity. The cost of maintenance is subject to great variations. Recognizing the great difficulty in establishing expected maintenance costs... 

Average Total Maintenance and Cost Factor for a Gas Turbine... 

Following development of the study direction, the evaluation describes the efforts of obtaining and validating process information, and then discusses equipment specifications and a cost estimate of the feasibility or budget type i.e., with plant costs factored from major material. Finally, project economics and financing complete the evaluation. 

Because of safety concerns, all combustible and/or toxic gases must be used in outdoor test loops or in a special indoor test building with the required safety monitoring equipment. The gas cost factor makes the problem even more difficult. The problem of known gas properties adds another complication. Despite all the negative aspects just mentioned, most performance tests are closed-loop tested. 

It is obvious that the range of possible formulations based on poly(vinyl chloride) and related copolymers is very wide indeed. For each end-use the requirements must be carefully considered and a formulation devised that will give a compound of adequate properties at the lowest cost. In assessing cost it is not only important to consider the cost of the compound but also comparative processing costs, the possible cost of storing additional materials and many other cost factors. 

Make a list of all the costs associated with running a wet scrubbing operation to remove particulates and SO,. What cost factors could be eliminated or reduced if a pollution prevention technology or practice that used about the same energy and manpower requirements was applied. 

Base Metal Catalyst - An alternate to a noble metal catalyst is a base metal catalyst. A base metal catalyst can be deposited on a monolithic substrate or is available as a pellet. These pellets are normally extruded and hence are 100% catalyst rather than deposition on a substrate. A benefit of base metal extruded catalyst is that if any poisons are present in the process stream, a deposition of the poisons on the surface of the catalyst occurs. Depending on the type of contaminant, it can frequently be washed away with water. When it is washed, abraded, or atritted, the outer surface is removed and subsequently a new catalyst surface is exposed. Hence, the catalyst can be regenerated. Noble metal catalyst can also be regenerated but the process is more expensive. A noble metal catalyst, depending on the operation, will typically last 30,000 hours. As a rule of thumb, a single shift operation of 40 hours a week, 50 weeks a year results in a total of 2,000 hours per year. Hence, the catalyst might have a 15 year life expectancy. From a cost factor, a typical rule of thumb is that a catalyst might be 10%-15% of the overall capital cost of the equipment. 

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