Labor-intensive operation

The main disadvantage of producing EMD in the form of a soHd deposit on the anode is that the process must be intermpted to remove the anodes from the cells. Stripping the Mn02 is a labor-intensive operation. A number of continuous processes have been devised to generate the Mn02 as a precipitate that collects at the bottom of the cell where it can be removed without intermption of the electrolysis (86—89). 

Chemical and instrumental (e.g., chromatography and mass spectrometry) methods have provided valuable information that lead to the advancement of cheese science. However, these techniques suffer from one or more of the following problems (1) the extensive use of solvents and gases that are expensive and hazardous, (2) high costs, (3) the requirement of specific accessories for different analytes, (4) the requirement of extensive sample preparation to obtain pure and clean samples, and (5) labor-intensive operation. These disadvantages have prompted for the evaluation and adoption of new, rapid, and simple methods such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Many books are available on the basics of FTIR spectroscopy and its applications (Burns and Ciurczak, 2001 Sun, 2009). FTIR spectroscopy monitors the vibrations... 

The properties of Sprut-12 and Sprut-14 polymeric compositions developed for tank repair allow these labor-intensive operations to be avoided. The compositions can be applied onto the metal surface without thorough cleaning off of oil products, water, and metal corro-... 

Manufacture of gas-separation membrane modules is largely a machine-assisted, labor-intensive operation. Polymer dopes are typically prepared batchwise with sufficient hold time to insure uniformity. The membrane performance is largely controlled by the polymer precipitation step and very dependent upon phase behavior and precipitation kinetics. Thus, it is essential that processing conditions be maintained as uniformly and as constant as possible if product quality and uniformity is to be preserved. For this reason, membrane-fihn formation and hollow-fiber spinning processes are usually operated continuously or for extended run times. Since the intermediate film or fiber must eventually be converted into discrete items, the continuous process is typically interrupted by collection of the membrane formed on spools or fiber skeins where it may be inventoried briefly before batch processing into the final assembly resumes. 

Composites have moved into terrestrial applications rather slowly. The primary obstacles have been the high cost of the materials and the labor-intensive operations and expensive fabrication equipment needed to process them. For various elements of the 500 hp Dodge Viper s fender support, door structures, and windshield frame, the carmaker chose parts made from carbon-based composites or blends of composites. Scientists at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright Patterson Air... 

By far the major portion of natural rubber is produced in three southeast Asia countries Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Together they account for about 80% of world production. India, Sri Lanka, and Liberia also have significant production. Producing rubber is a labor-intensive operation and the industry supports millions of workers in these geographical areas. 

Gum rosin is obtained from tapped pine resin from living pine trees. Pine trees bleed crude resin when they are cut. In a rather labor-intensive operation, this crude resin is collected from the tapped trees and processed. Gum rosin and turpentine are obtained from this crude resin. Sometimes the gum rosins, which are composed of abietic acid, are used directly in rubber compounds as tackiflers. These gum rosins are sometimes chemically modified through either hydrogenation (to improve their aging properties) or esterification for use in rubber. The turpentine is sometimes processed further to separate out the S-pinene for polymerization into polyterpene resins for use as a rubber tackifier. 

All labor-intensive operations of the facility are mechanized. The loading of the crystal is carried out as follows. The uppermost part of the furnace is fixed rigidly, while its lowermost part is movable in the vertical and in the horizontal directions. Once the growth process is over, the single crystal is lifted up above the plane... 

For IR measurements, sample preparation has been a labor-intensive operation requiring some measure of skill and experience. Conventional IR spectroscopy is mainly based on transmission measurements except for samples for which the preparation of a thin layer is problematic, inadequate, or prohibited. In these cases other sampling techniques are required. 

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