Labor productivity, factors affecting

A large portion of the cost of any manufactured item is represented by labor. Although labor rates are more and more becoming similar in most parts of the country, factors such as skill, labor relations, and the general welfare of the work force affect labor productivity and efficiency. Each region being considered for plant location must be suiveyed to determine the availability and the skills of the labor market. The skills need not exactly match with those... 

Labor productivity and total labor cost is another important factor with a heavy impact on the total cost of the project. Even if there is a hardworking labor force their productivity could be affected by the lack of the proper hand tools and construction equipment. 

In formulation studies, all the factors affecting the stability of the pharmaceutical product have to be considered. Because the stability of pharmaceuticals is generally affected by numerous and complex factors, quantitative analysis of the role of each would involve a very large and complex series of experiments. The effect of each individual factor would have to be tested under conditions in which all other factors are maintained constant. Factorial analysis attempts to minimize the number of experiments needed to get meaningful results and, therefore, to save time and labor. 

Produced from a.tura.1 Ga.s, Cost assessments of methanol produced from natural gas have been performed (13—18). Projections depend on such factors as the estimated costs of the methanol production faciUty, the value of the feedstock, and operating, maintenance, and shipping costs. Estimates vary for each of these factors. Costs also depend on the value of oil. Oil price not only affects the value of natural gas, it also affects the costs of plant components, labor, and shipping. 

For businesses the demand for energy is the demand for a factor of production. Its demand depends on the price ol the energy demanded (P) as well as the price of its output (P ), technology (T) and prices of other factors of production—land, labor, and capital—that might be substitutes (P,) nr complements (PJ in consumption. Environmental policy (E, ) might also affect the demand for fuel. If this is aggregate business demand for energy the number of businesses is also relevant. 

Product designers must consider the conditions under which fabrication will take place, because these conditions affect product performance and cost. Such factors as production quantity, labor, and material cost are vital. Designers should also visualize how each product is to be fabricated. If they do not or cannot, their designs may not be satisfactory or even feasible from a production standpoint. One purpose of this book is to give designers sufficient information about manufacturing processes so that they... 

The principal drawbacks to the technique are its labor-intensive nature and low protein yields, which in the best cases reach only a milligram or less. Competition with release factors at the amber stop codon often results in truncated protein as the primary product [16, 17]. Suppression efficiency rates are also affected by the character of the amino acid, which determines whether it is a good substrate for the ribosome and protein elongation factors. In addition, context effects variously ascribed to the influence of neighboring mRNA... 

The overall purification yield of recombinant enzyme is affected by the scale-up and may vary from plant to plant. The profitability at lower yields and at a constant selling price was also determined. A 10% reduction in yield resulted in a 12.9% decrease in the ROI. Conversely, the effect of increasing the plant capacity between 4545 (base case) and 45,450 kg of corn per batch on rGUS production, capital investment, UPC and ROI was estimated. A five-fold increase in capacity resulted in a reduction of 30% in the UPC, and an increase in the ROI from 52 to 91%. Further increase in the capacity did not have a significant effect on the UPC and ROI. With a five-fold increase in the capacity the total capital investment increased by a factor of 3.3, labor, administrative, and overhead expenses doubled, and the rest of the operating costs increased proportionally with the capacity. 

Capacity is defined, in the context of manufacturing, as the maximum rate of production and the ability to yield production. Capacity planning is concerned with defining all resources and factors that affect the ability of a manufacturer to produce including equipment, labor, space, and time... 

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