Viruses herpes

Radiation Therapeutic Radioiodine Atomic fallout infections Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus Herpes virus homlnis Toxoplasmosis... 

Since the pioneering work of Kleymann et al. (2002), Betz et al. (2002), Baumeister et al. (2007), and Crute et al. (2002), who showed that compounds identified as inhibitors of the helicase-primase enzyme complex could alleviate herpesvirus-induced disease in animal models, the attention of researchers developing antiviral compounds has been drawn more and more towards the virus-encoded helicases, particularly those of Herpes viruses and of RNA viruses such as Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and SAKS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Enzyme activity is usually assayed by measuring NTPase activity in the presence of an appropriate nucleic acid co-substrate although, more recently, novel fiuorimetric and luminescence principles have been applied to the measurement of strand unwinding and/or translocation of the protein along the nucleic acid (Frick 2003, 2006). 

The 2 -chloro and 2 -bromo congeners of either 748 (FIAC) or 758 (FMAU) are more cytotoxic than FIAC and FMAU, suggesting that these chloro and bromo nucleosides, in contrast to the 2 -fluoro compounds, are comparatively better substrates for deoxycytidine kinase of human lymphocytes than the substrates for viral-specific thymidine kinase. The disposition of the 2 -fluoro group may also be important from the biological viewpoint. It should be noted that the structural difference between RNA and DNA is at the 2 -position. The ribo type of analog (738) of FIAC is 10 times less effective in suppression of HSV replication than is FIAC. Thus Fox, and Watanabe and coworkers concluded that the 2 - up fluorine disposition and the species of the substituent at C-5 are the two important factors influencing antiviral activity. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of 2 -deoxy-2 -fluorocytidine (737) on certain herpes viruses, including HSV-1... 

In advanced AIDS, MM is usually associated with opportunistic infections such as CMV (Said et al. 1991 RouUet et al. 1994 Kolson and Gonzalez-Scarano 2001) or is secondary to lymphoma (Fuller et al. 1993). Despite a role for other herpes viruses in AIDS-associated myelitis, no substantive evidence has been published in support of a role for other vimses in the development of HIV-associated MM, including herpes simplex 1 or 2, varicella zoster, or Epstein Barr vims (Kolson and Gonzalez-Scarano 2001). MM can occur secondary to hepatitis B and C viruses, which are common co-infections of HIV-infected patients, particularly when there is an associated cryoglobulinemia (Taillan et al. 1993 Caniatti et al. 1996). Rarely... 

Plaque assays, at present, apply to only a very limited number of viruses, e.g. poliovirus, herpes virus, human rotavirus. The principle ofthese assays is as follows test virus is dried on to coverslips which are immersed in various concentrations oftest disinfectant... 

For assaying herpes virus, monolayers of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells are used. Virus titre is expressed as the number of plaque-forming units (pfu) per millilitre before and after exposure to a disinfectant, so that the virucidal efficacy of the test agent can be determined. A diagrammatic representation is given in Fig. 11.7. 

Tyler R. Ayliffe G.A.J. (1987) A surface test for virucidal activity of disinfectants preliminary study with herpes virus. J Hasp Infect, 9, 22-29. 

Propagated outbreaks of infection relate to the direct transmission of an infective agent from a diseased individual to a healthy, susceptible one. Mechanisms of such transmission were described in Chapter 4 and include inhalation of infective aerosols (measles, mumps, diphtheria), direct physical contact (syphilis, herpes virus) and, where sanitation standards are poor, through the introduction of infected faecal material into drinking water (cholera, typhoid). The ease oftransmission, and hence the rate of onset of an epidemic (Fig. 16.3) relates not only to the susceptibility status, and general state of health of the individuals but also to the virulence properties of the organism, the route oftransmission, the duration of the infective period associated with the disease. 

Cavanagh JB, Buxton PH. 1989. Trichloroethylene cranial neuropathy Is it really a toxic neuropathy or does it activate latent herpes virus J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52 297-303. 

Hepatitis C virus NS3/NS4A protease inhibitors, 44 (2006) 65 Herpes virus, chemotherapy, 23 (1985) 67 Heterocyclic analogues of GABA,... 

Acyclovir [9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine] (ACV) is clinically useful in the treatment of infections caused by several members of the herpes virus (e.g., herpes simplex, varicella zoster and Epstein-Barr virus [2,38,39]). An enzyme coded for by the virus phosphorylates ACV to a monophosphate intermediate. This species in turn undergoes further phosphorylation to a triphosphate with the aid of normal cell enzymes. Then, ACV triphosphate inhibits the herpes virus DNA... 

A -(4-Chlorobenzyl)-7-substituted-4-oxo-477-pyrimido[l,2- ]pyridazine-3-carboxamides have been claimed as compounds to treat atherosclerosis and restenosis <2004W02004/019933> and as antiviral agents, particularly against herpes viruses <2002W02002/004444>. The 7-substituted-2-phenyl-pyrimido[l,2- ]pyridazin-5-ium-3-olates 99... 

Striebel, H.M., Birch-Hirschfeld, E., Egerer, R., Foldes-Papp, Z., Tilz, G.P., and Stelzner, A. (2004) Enhancing sensitivity of human herpes virus diagnosis with DNA microarrays using dendrimers. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 77, 89-97. 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

Bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV1) glycoprotein D (gDc) Tobacco leaf Sustained and specific humoral and cellular immune response in mice and cows when delivered once parenterally. Cows challenged with infectious dose of BHV1 exhibited milder symptoms over a shorter duration. 87... 

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