Human lymphocytes

Sulfur dioxide shows some mutagenic effects in microorganisms and fruit flies. Human lymphocyte DNA damage has been observed. It is an equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria (183). 

Health and Safety Factors. Sodium metabisulfite is nonflammable, but when strongly heated it releases sulfur dioxide. The oral acute toxicity is slight and the LD q (rat, oral) is 2 g/kg. Sodium bisulfite appears to be weakly mutagenic to some bacteria, ia rodent embryos, and ia a human lymphocyte test. There is iaadequate evidence for carciaogenicity (183,343). 

Several of these IFNs of mouse and human lymphocytes and fibroblasts are available commercially and have been best prepared in quantity by recombinant DNA procedures because they are produced in very small amounts by the cells. The commercial materials do not generally require further purification for their intended purposes. [Pestkas, Interferons and Interferon standards and general abbreviations. Methods Enzymol, Wiley Sons, 119 1986, ISBN 012182019X Lengyel, Biochemistry of interferons and their actions, Ann Bev Biochem 51 251-282 7982 De Maeyer and De Maeyer-Guignard, Interferons in The Cytokine Handbook, 3rd Edn, Thomson et al. Eds, pp. 491-516 7998 Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0126896623.]... 

Wilkinson, P.C. (1986). The locomotor capacity of human lymphocytes and its enhancement by cell growth. Immunology 57, 281-289. 

Aldashev, A.A., Agibetov, K.A., Yugai, A.A., Shamshiev, A.T. (1991). Specific proteins synthesized in human lymphocytes during hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 261, S92-96. 

Vitamins and lipids are often required for animal cells to grow in serum-free medium. Phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine are key additives that facilitate the growth of the mammary tumor cell line 64024 (Kano-Sueoka and Errick, 1981). In addition, ethanolamine promotes the growth of human lymphocytes and mouse hybridoma cells. Short-term cultures of human diploid lung and foreskin fibroblasts grow in medium that includes among its supplements soybean lecithin, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and vitamin E. 

Human lymphocytes/dermal and inhalation exposure Chromosomal aberrations - De Cassia Stocco et al. 1982... 

Human lymphocytes/oral exposure Chromosomal aberrations + Van Bao et al. 1974... 

Chinese hamster ovary Chinese hamster V79 Human lymphoid cells/LAZ-007 Human lymphocytes... 

Results of methyl parathion assays involving effects on chromosomes have also been contradictory. For sister chromatid exchange, Waters et al. (1982) reported a positive response in Chinese hamster ovary cells only in the presence of metabolic activation system, while methyl parathion tested positive without a metabolic activation system in Chinese hamster V79 cells (Chen et al. 1981), cultured normal human lymphoid cells (Chen et al. 1981 Gomez-Arroyo et al. 1987 Sobti et al. 1982), and Burkitt s l5miphoma cells (Chen et al. 1981). Chen et al. (1981) found a significant dose-related increase in sister chromatid exchange in both hamster and human cultured cells, but dose-related cell cycle delays were less pronounced in human cell lines than in V79 cells. Negative results were obtained for chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes without a metabolic activation system (Kumar et al. 1993). 

Blasiak J, Kowalik J. 1999. Effect of paraoxon-methyl and parathion-methyl on DNA in human lymphocytes and protective action of vitamin C. Pestic Sci 55 1182-1186. 

Gomez-Arroyo S, Noriega-Aldana N, Juarez-Rodriguez D, et al. 1987. Sister chromatid exchanges induced by the organophosphorus insecticides methyl parathion, dimethoate, phoxim and methyl azinphos in cultured human lymphocytes. Contaminacion Ambiental 3 63-70. 

Singh S, Eehmann-Grube B, Boedde HW. 1984. Cytogenetic effects of paraoxon and methyl-parathion on cultured human lymphocytes SCE, clastogenic activity and cell cycle delay. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 54 195-200. 

Gasiorowski, K., Brocos, B. DNA repair of hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in human lymphocytes in the presence of four antimutagens. A study with alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Cellular Molecular Biology Letters, Vol.6, (2001), pp. 897-911, ISSN 1425-8153... 

Mitochondria-associated toxicities, such as pancreatitis, are frequently demonstrated in HlV/HCV-coinfected individuals, and may significantly influence treatment options (de Mendoza and Soriano 2005). Yet, no cell culture or animal models have been developed to predict nucleoside-induced pancreatitis. Nevertheless, an association of HCV replication and mitochondrial DNA depletion in primary human lymphocytes obtained from HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals under concomitant administration of HCV and HIV medications was demonstrated by de Mendoza and coworkers (de Mendoza et al. 2007). They claimed that the use of HCV medication together with certain antiretroviral agents seemed to enhance mitochondrial damage due to a synergistic deleterious interaction between the anti-HCV and anti-HIV drugs. In contrast, an improvement in mitochondrial content with effective... 

Mammalian cells Cultured human lymphocytes Mitotic recombination Aberrant metaphases No data - L Vova 1984... 

Cultured human lymphocytes Sister chromatid exchange + + Sobti et al. 1983... 

Comparison of the Fc receptors for IgE on human lymphocytes and monocytes. J Immunol 1982 129 ... 

The 2 -chloro and 2 -bromo congeners of either 748 (FIAC) or 758 (FMAU) are more cytotoxic than FIAC and FMAU, suggesting that these chloro and bromo nucleosides, in contrast to the 2 -fluoro compounds, are comparatively better substrates for deoxycytidine kinase of human lymphocytes than the substrates for viral-specific thymidine kinase. The disposition of the 2 -fluoro group may also be important from the biological viewpoint. It should be noted that the structural difference between RNA and DNA is at the 2 -position. The ribo type of analog (738) of FIAC is 10 times less effective in suppression of HSV replication than is FIAC. Thus Fox, and Watanabe and coworkers concluded that the 2 - up fluorine disposition and the species of the substituent at C-5 are the two important factors influencing antiviral activity. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of 2 -deoxy-2 -fluorocytidine (737) on certain herpes viruses, including HSV-1... 

Human lymphocytes (unscheduled DNA synthesis) DNA damage +/- +/- Perocco and Prodi 1981... 

Perocco P, Prodi G. 1981. DNA damage by haloalkanes in human lymphocytes culturedv/Yra. Cancer Lett 13 213-218. 

It should be remembered that some of the established antioxidants have other metabolic roles apart from free-radical scavenging. The finding of reduced antioxidant defences in diabetes, for example, may not be prima fascie evidence of increased oxidative stress, since alternative explanations may operate. For example, this may reflect a response to reduced free-radical activity as su ested by the results of a previous study (Collier et al., 1988). In the case of ascorbate, an alternative explanation has been proposed by Davis etal. (1983), who demonstrated competitive inhibition of ascorbate uptake by glucose into human lymphocytes. This view is supported by the similar molecular structure of glucose and ascorbic acid (see Fig. 12.4) and by a report of an inverse relationship between glycaemic control and ascorbate concentrations in experimental diabetes in rats. Other investigators, however, have not demonstrated this relationship (Som etal., 1981 Sinclair etal., 1991). 

Fi02 Fraction of inspired oxygen HLA Human leukocyte antigen human lymphocyte antigen... 

Maroni M, Bleecker ML. 1986. Neuropathy target esterase in human lymphocytes and platelets. JAppl Toxicol 6 1-7. 

Maccarone M, Yalenise H, Bari M, Lazzarin N, Romani C, Finazzi-Agro A. Relationship between decreased anandamide hydrolase concentrations in human lymphocytes and miscarriage. Lancet 2000 235 1326-1329. 

Schinazi RF, Chu CK, Peck A, McMillan A, Mathis R, Cannon D, Jeong L-S, Beach JW, Choi W-B, Yeola S, Liotta DC. Activities of the four optical isomers of 2, 3 -dideoxy-3 -thiacytidine (BCH-189) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human lymphocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemo-ther 1992 36 672-676. 

Bertoncin, D., Russolo, A., Caroldi, S., and Lotti, M. (1985) Neuropathy target esterase in human lymphocytes, Archives on Environmental Health, 40 139-143. 

Genotoxic Effects. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of lead in humans has focused on evaluations of lymphocytes from occupationally or environmentally exposed persons (Table 2-10) and in vitro studies of structural chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in cultures of lymphocytes taken from healthy individuals (Table 2-11). Results of studies with human lymphocyte cultures exposed in vitro to lead acetate were nearly equally divided between positive (Beek and Obe 1974 Niebuhr and Wulf 1984) and negative (Beek and Obe 1975 Deknudt and Deminatti 1978 Gasiorek and Bauchinger 1981 Schmid etal. 1972). 

Human lymphocyte cultures Structural chromosomal aberration NA + Beek and Obe 1974 Deknudtand Deminatti 1978... 

Human lymphocyte cultures Sister chromatid exchange NA + Beek and Obe 1975 Niebuhr and Wulf 1984... 

Deknudt G, Deminatti M. 1978. Chromosome studies in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to metal salts. Toxicology 10 67-75. 

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