Herpes simplex virus infection genital infections

YT Bryson, M Dillon, G Acuna, S Taylor, JD Cherry, BL Johnson, E Wiesmeier, W Growden, T Greagh-Kirk, R Keeney. Treatment of first episodes of genital herpes simplex virus infection with oral acyclovir. A randomized double-blind controlled trial in normal subjects. N Engl J Med 308 916-921, 1983. 

Treatment of herpes simplex virus infection of the skin and mucous membrane, including initial and recurrent genital herpes. 

Pyles, R.B., D. Higgins, C. Chalk, A. Zalar, J. Eiden, C. Brown, G. VanNest, and L.R. Stanberry. 2002. Use of immunostimulatory sequence-containing oligonucleotides as topical therapy for genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. J Virol 76 11387. 

H6. Harandi, A. M., Svennerholm, B., Holmgren, J., and Eriksson, K., Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are important in innate defense against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in mice but are not required for the development of acquired gamma interferon-mediated protective immunity. J. Virol. 75, 6705-6709 (2001). 

Oral acyclovir is effective in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (600 mg/m four times daily for 10 days in children) but has only modest benefit in recurrent orolabial herpes. High-dose valacyclovir (2 g twice over one day) shortens the duration of recurrent orolabial herpes by 1 day. Topical acyclovir is modestly effective in recurrent labial and genital herpes simplex virus infections. Acyclovir prophylaxis (400 mg twice daily for one week) reduces the risk of recurrence by 73% in those with sun-induced recurrences of HSV infections. Acyclovir during the last month of pregnancy reduces the likelihood of viral shedding and frequency of cesarean section in women with primary or recurrent genital herpes. 

R.H. Kaufman, E. Adam, R.R. Mirkovic, J.L. Melnick, R.L. Young (1978). Treatment of genital herpes simplex virus infection with photodynamic inactivation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 132(8), 861-869. 

Carlucci, M. J., Scolaro, L. A., Noseda, M. D., Cerezo, A. S., and Damonte, E. B. (2004). Protective effect of a natural carrageenan on genital herpes simplex virus infection in mice. Antiviral Res. 64,137-141. 

Acyclovir (Zovirax) and penciclovir (Denavir) are the only topical antiviral dragp currently available These dragp inhibit viral replication. Acyclovir is used in the treatment of initial episodes of genital herpes, as well as heqies simplex virus infections in immunocompromised patients (patients with an immune system incapable of fighting infection). Penciclovir is used for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis (cold sores) in adults. 

Aciclovir is phosphorylated preferentially by herpes simplex virus-coded thymidine kinase and following further phosphorylation aciclovir triphosphate interferes with herpes virus DNA polymerase and viral DNA replication. Aciclovir topical cream is indicated in the management of initial genital herpes and in limited non-life threatening mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in immunocompromised patients. 

Acyclovir is useful in the treatment of herpes. Oral herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). More than 90 percent of the world s population is infected with the oral herpes virus, though there are many infected people who do not exhibit symptoms. Genital herpes is the most prevalent nondurable sexually transmitted disease. In the United States, there are about 30 million people infected with HSV-2 and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 new cases each year. 

Herpes describes a family of viruses. In general, the term herpes is most closely associated with the conditions of oral and genital herpes, which are caused by the herpes simplex viruses (HSV). Other frequently encountered herpes viruses include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, which causes mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus (CMV, which causes various infections of the eyes, liver, colon, and lungs), and varicella zoster virus (VZV, which causes chicken pox and shingles). 

Fife KH, et al. Valaciclovir versus acyclovir in the treatment of first-episode genital herpes infection. Results of an international, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. The Valaciclovir International Herpes Simplex Virus Smdy Group. SexTransm Dis 1997 24(8) 481-486. 

Herpes simplex virus is divided into HSV-1 and HSV-2. Genital herpes is usually caused by HSV-2, whereas oral herpes is caused by HSV-1. Primary herpes refers to the first outbreak of infection, whereas recurrent herpes refers to subsequent infections. With each outbreak, patients typically experience symptoms 2 to 10 days after the initial infection. Symptoms may include a "prodrome" of burning or itching, followed by the appearance of blisters and open sores within a few days. Other symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, painful urination, or vaginal discharge are also common. In general, recurrent outbreaks are usually mild and shorter in duration. 

Inununosuppressed radiation victims with positive serology for herpes simplex viruses are at risk for reactivation of HSV infection, with resulting clinical picture that mimics radiation stomatitis. These patients should receive prophylaxis with acyclovir or one of its congeners. If serology results are not available, patients with a history of oral or genital herpes infection should receive acyclovir prophylaxis. Patients who develop severe mucositis require assessment for HSV reactivation (2). 

It is estimated that approximately one of every four women in the United States over the age of 12 is infected with genital herpes simplex virus 2. A smaller number of people have infections caused by herpes simplex virus 1, which is more commonly associated with orolabial infections. ... 

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2 cause significant morbidity in patients with AIDS. Seropositivity for HSV is widespread among adults with AIDS, and clinical disease usually is the result of reactivation of latent virus. The manifestations of HSV disease observed in persons with AIDS include orolabial, genital, and anorectal mucocutaneous disease esophagitis and less commonly, encephalitis. Ulcerative HSV lesions present for longer than 1 month in an individual with laboratory evidence for HIV infection or no other apparent cause for immunodeficiency are considered an AIDS-defining condition. 

Famciclovir is an antiherpes virus agent that converts to penciclovir, which inhibits viral DNA replication by interfering with viral DNA polymerase. It is indicated in the treatment of acute herpes zoster treatment or suppression of recurrent genital herpes in immunocompetent patients and treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in HIV-infected patients. 

Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) typically causes diseases of the mouth, face, skin, esophagus, or brain. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) usually causes infections of the genitals, rectum, skin, hands, or meninges. Both cause serious infections in neonates. HSV infection may be a primary one in a naive host, a nonprimary initial one in a host previously infected by other viruses, or the consequence of activation of a latent infection. 

Three of the drugs listed (acyclovir, foscamet. trifluridine) are active against strains of herpes simplex virus. Foscamet is not used in genital infections (HSV-2) because clinical efficacy has not been established and the drug causes many toxic effects. Trifluridine is used topically, but only for herpes keratoconjunctivitis (HSV-1). The answer is (A). 

Herpes simplex (virus types 1 2) Eye infections, skin diseases, encephalitis and genital infections... 

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is responsible for common infections like genital herpes and "cold... 

Herpes simplex viruses are human pathogens that cause oral and ocular lesions (HSV-1) or genital lesions (HSV-2). These viruses code for enzymes with substrate specificities different from those of the host cell. The pyrimidine metabolism of the cell is augmented by a virus-coded deoxythymidine (dThd) kinase (TK). This enzyme has a relatively broad phosphate acceptor specificity which permits the phosphorylation of several antiviral nucleoside analogs, the first step in their activation. These analogs are selective inhibitors of DNA synthesis in virus-infected cells, in part, because they are phosphorylated to their triphosphate derivatives only in infected cells. 

Herpesvirus infections are caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSVl) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), distinguishable by laboratory tests. HSVl is generally associated with oral infections, and HSV2 causes genital infections. The lesions appear as grouped vesicles on a red base. 

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