Antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus

Lemon balm isa perennial herb with heart-shaped leaves that has been used for hundreds of years. Its scientific name is Melissa officinalis. Traditionally the herb has been used for Graves disease (see Chap. 51), asa sedative, arrtispasmodic, and an antiviral agent. When used topically, lemon balm has antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus(HSM). No adverse reactions have been reported when lemon balm is used topically. 

EO of Melaleuca alternifolia and eucalyptus exhibited a high level of antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in a viral suspension test [125]. Also, Santolina insularis EO... 

Clove is a potent antiviral agent and eugenin isolated from clove buds showed antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus at a concentration of lOpg/ml (Kim et al., 2001 Chaieb et al., 2007). 

Eight different varieties of Echinacea were found to have antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Type I in vitro. The two most potent inhibitors found were ethanol extracts of E. pallida var. sanguinea and n-hexane extracts of E. purpurea (13). 

The trienamide onnamide A (43) is a metabolite isolated from the marine sponge Theonella sp. found in Okinawan waters [84]. It belongs to the pederin family like mycalamides and theopederins [85], and shows a potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, and coronavirus A-59. The complete determination of the structure was carried out during the total synthesis of onnamide A (43)... 

The )8-carboline system alkylated at C-1 occurs frequently in the indole alkaloid series and in some cases in the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro form, as shown above. The simplest homolog with a methyl substituent is caUed harman (Fig. 12). It has been found in several plant families and also in the higher fungus Coriolus maximus (174). Recently, particular interest in 1-substituted /3-carboline derivatives has also resulted from the antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) discovered in eudis-tomins alkaloids (e.g., eudistomin S Fig. 12), isolated from the tunicate organism Eudistoma olivaceum (175). 

The antiviral activity of the oil obtained from Artemisia arborescens L was also studied by Sinico et al. (2005). They studied the influence of vesicle structure and composition on the antiviral activity, against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), of the vesicle-incorporated oil, multilamellar vesicles (MLV), and small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) positively charged liposomes prepared by the film method and sonication. The liposomal incorporation of A. arborescens EO enhanced the in vitro antiherpetic activity mainly when vesicles were made with hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine. 

The Artemisia arborescens L. essential oil showed significant antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (Sinico et al. 2(X)5). Peppermint oil, the essential oil of Mentha piperita, exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2, and it is also active against an acyclovir resistant strain of HSV-1 (HSV-1-ACV" ) (Schuhmacher et al. 2003). 

Eugeniin exhibited strong antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus. ... 

Hyssop extracts have been reported to exhibit antiviral activities (against herpes simplex virus), which may be due to the presence of tannins (see balm) The extract and its MARIO polysaccharide were found to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 in vitro... 

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