Human rhino viruses

Arnold E, Rossmann MG. Analysis of the structure of the common cold virus, human rhino vims 14, refined at a resolution of 3.0 A. J Mol Biol 1990 211 763—801. 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

VM Okun, R Moser, B Ronacher, E Kenndler, D Blaas. VLDL receptor fragments of different lengths bind to human rhino virus HRV2 with different stoichiometry—an analysis of virus-receptor complexes by capillary electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 276 1057-1062, 2001. 

RT Libby, D Cosman, MK Cooney, JE Merriam, CJ March, TPHopp. Human rhino-virus 3C protease cloning and expression of an active form in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 27 6262-6268, 1988. 

Human rhino viruses (HRVs) are the single most significant causative agents of the common cold. HRV 3C-protease, a cysteine protease, plays a critical role in the replication cycle of HRVs and thus constitutes a potential therapeutic target for the control of HRVs and common cold. Singh et al established the structure-activity relationships of various naphthoquinones as HRV 3C-proteasa inhibitors and compared the activities of ortho- versus -para- quinones. The results indicated that the mode of action of the two classes of compounds is different [207]. 

Garlic has been shown in in vitro studies to have antiviral activity against several viruses including cytomegalovirus, influenza B, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, and human rhino virus type 2(40). Antiviral activity is thought to be caused more by the ajoene component than the allicin component of garlic (46). 

Exists as an equilib. mixt. of la- and l)9-isomers. Major isomer shown. Prod, by a Penicillium sp. Human rhino virus 3C-pro tease inhibitor. Orange oily solid. [157643-56-6, 157750-40-8]... 

The structure of human rhinovirus 16 (HRV16) was pursued at higher resolution (2.15 A) than most, and revealed interesting structures around the 5-fold axis (Hadfield et al., 1997). These were composed in part of residues that had been disordered in prior rhinoviral crystal structures, but had been seen in type 3 poliovirus (Filman et al, 1989). N termini of five symmetry-equivalent VPS come together to form a five-stranded parallel /3 barrel, plugging a gap between the five VPl jelly-roll domains. Each of 5 VP4 N termini contributes a / hairpin to a 10-stranded antiparallel /3 barrel closer to the virus center. In both rhino- and polioviruses VP4 is N-terminally myristoylated and these elements of structure are thought to be intimately involved with conformational transitions that occur on cell entry and uncoating. 

Moraten vaccine, Berna (virus grown in human fibroblast cultures and therefore certainly ovalbumin-free) was given to a 2-year-old boy with atopic dermatitis (129). The skin tests were positive to cow s milk and egg. Within a few minutes after the receipt of the vaccine, the child developed severe dyspnea, rhino-conjunctivitis, and lip cyanosis he was successfully treated for an acute anaphylactic reaction. The case seems to demonstrate that the very rare allergic reactions after the administration of measles and MMR vaccines could be due to causes other than egg protein. 

The parainfluenza viruses, of which there are four human serotypes, are second only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract illness. There is both a great need for and interest in developing a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of these two viral, respiratory tract pathogens. The family Picornaviridae contains the genus Rhinovlrus. which is composed of over a hundred distinct serotypes. The rhino-viruses are recognized as the most important causative agents of the... 

Aside from the inactivation of cell-free virus in vitro, ascorbate has been shown to inhibit the growth and expression of virus in laboratory cultures of infected cells. The first report of ascorbate-mediated inhibition of viral growth was made in cell cultures infected with rhino virus. Ascorbate, in concentrations nontoxic to host cells, interfered with progressive multicycle replication of rhino virus in cultures of WI-38 human fibroblasts (Schwerdt and Schwerdt, 1975). The authors did not determine the mechanism of the inhibitory effect, although they ruled out the involvement of interferon. 

In addition to inhibition of HIV viral attachment, the dendrimers also inhibit adsorption of certain enveloped viruses such as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV) [250] and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [251,252] in cell culture at very low concentrations (0.1 to 1 Mg/ml)- In recent work, PAMAM and poly(lysine) dendrimers were also shown to inhibit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Ebola Virus, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Influenza A and B, Epstein Barr virus (EbV), Adeno- and Rhino-viruses [245]. Several of these surface functionalized dendrimers are presently entering clinical studies as dendrimer-based antiviral nanodrugs. 

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