Herpes simplex virus cause

HSV2 (herpes simplex virus 2), which causes significant morbidity and is an important cofactor for the transmission of HIV infection was recently targeted in a mouse model by local application of siRNA mixed with lipids. The results suggested that siRNA could work as active components of microbicides to prevent viral infection or transmission [2]. 

Miguelez M, Correa-Nazco VJ et al (1999) [Lumbosacral polyradiculomyelitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) in a patient with AIDS]. An Med Interna 16(8) 417 19 MiUer RJ, Meucci O (1999) AIDS and the brain is there a chemokine connection Trends Neurosd 22(10) 471-479... 

Catechins and proanthocyanidins have a documented antiviral activity. Catechins from an extract of Cocos nucifera husk fibre exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-l-ACVr) [62]. The use of 10 to 20ngml of ECG and EGCG has been reported to cause 50% inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase [89], while Kara and Nakayama [90] reported that a patented chewing gum containing tea catechins is claimed to prevent viral infections against influenza and to inhibit dissemination of this virus. 

Viruses are a common cause of CAP in children (-65%) and much less common in adults ( 15%).8 Viruses often associated with pneumonia in adults include influenza A and B and adenoviruses, whereas less common causes include rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and others. In children, viral pneumonia is caused more commonly by respiratory syncyntial virus, influenza A virus, and parainfluenza virus. The viruses associated with CAP in adults are much less common causes of pneumonia in children. 

Genital herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, is a common STI for which there is no cure. Once latency is established, neither competent host immunity nor therapeutic agents can eradicate the virus. Currently, there is... 

Viruses may also cause latent infection of a host. In a latent infection, there is a delay between infection by the virus and the appearance of symptoms. Fever blisters (cold sores), caused by the herpes simplex virus, result from a latent viral infection the symptoms reappear sporadically as the virus emerges from latency. The latent stage in viral infection of an animal cell is generally not due to the integration of the viral genome into the genome of the animal cell, as is the case with latent infections by temperate bacteriophages. 

Despite the protective effect of NO against various viral infections, workers in several studies have shown a harmful role of NO in many systems. NO seems to play a part in the development of pneumonia caused by influenza virus [128], in the pathogenesis in mice of tick-borne encephalitis flavivirus infection [131], and in worsening the course of the murine myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 [132]. In addition, pneumonia in mice induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 could be suppressed by the inhibitor of iNOS [133]. The issue of whether NO acts as an inhibitor of viral replication or as a harmful agent, therefore, remains unanswered. This issue is particularly evident in HIV-1 infection, since NO seems to act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. 

Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus. Symptoms are variable, starting with a small blister (vesicle) leading on to recurrent small genital sores. 

Research in the area of antiviral drag synthesis has only recently allowed a significant step to be made in the area of treating diseases caused by herpes simplex virus, and just recently for treating AIDS. These drags act by inhibiting the process of virus cell multiplication. 

Primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. 

Efficacy In other conditions The clinical efficacy in the treatment of stromal keratitis and uveitis caused by herpes simplex or ophthalmic infections caused by vaccinia virus and adenovirus, or in the prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus keratoconjunctivitis and epithelial keratitis has not been established by well-controlled clinical trials. Not effective against bacterial, fungal, or chlamydial infections of the cornea or trophic lesions. 

Foscarnet is an inorganic pyrophosphate analogue which causes selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Topical foscarnet cream has appeared to be a safe and effective treatment for aciclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in AIDS patients. 

Note Herpes simplex virus encodes a virus-specific thymidine. kinase, which phosphorylates the nucleoside analog acyclovir (acycloguanosine) to form acycloguanosine monophosphate. After further phosphorylation, the resulting acycloguanosine triphosphate is incorporated by the viral DNA polymerase into viral DNA, causing chain termination in virus-infected cells.]... 

Acyclovir is useful in the treatment of herpes. Oral herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). More than 90 percent of the world s population is infected with the oral herpes virus, though there are many infected people who do not exhibit symptoms. Genital herpes is the most prevalent nondurable sexually transmitted disease. In the United States, there are about 30 million people infected with HSV-2 and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 new cases each year. 

Herpes Simplex. There are two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) that infect humans. Type I causes orofacial lesions and 30% of the U.S population suffers from recurrent episodes. Type II is responsible for genital disease and anywhere from 3 x 104 — 3 107 cases per year (including recurrent infectionsi occur. The primary source of neonatal herpes infections, which are severe and often fatal, is the mother infected with type II. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that cervical carcinoma may be associated with HSV-II infection. Vaccine development is hampered by die fact that recurrent disease is common. Thus, natural infection does not provide immunity and the best method to induce immunity artificially is not clear. A much better understanding of the pathogenesis of die virus and virus-host interactions are required for the efficient development of the vaccine. 

Antiviral Efficacy and Clinical Use. Vidarabine (Vira-A) was the first systemic agent used to treat herpesvirus infections, including CMV, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus.42 In the past, this drug was administered by continuous intravenous infusion to treat severe systemic infections caused by these viruses, but systemic use of vidarabine has been replaced by safer and less toxic agents. Vidarabine is currently used primarily to treat local viral infections of the eye (e.g., herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis) it is applied topically by ophthalmic ointment to treat these infections. 

Herpes describes a family of viruses. In general, the term herpes is most closely associated with the conditions of oral and genital herpes, which are caused by the herpes simplex viruses (HSV). Other frequently encountered herpes viruses include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, which causes mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus (CMV, which causes various infections of the eyes, liver, colon, and lungs), and varicella zoster virus (VZV, which causes chicken pox and shingles). 

Mizuno, M. et al. (1998). Adeno-associated virus vector containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene causes complete regression of intrace-rebrally implanted human gliomas in mice, in conjunction with ganciclovir administration. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 89(1), 76-80. 

Aciclovir is prescribed empirically to cover encephalitis (inflammation of the brain parenchyma) caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Confirmed HSV encephalitis is relatively rare (170 laboratory confirmed cases per annum in... 

Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus. They are characterised by groups of closely packed fluid-filled blisters, which usually appear on the skin or mucous membranes. They are most usually associated with the mouth and lips as the skin in these areas may not be as resistant as in other parts of the body, although infection of the eye and mucous membranes are also common. Infection of other skin areas is common in immunodeficient patients. The blisters can be tender and painful. They will normally heal without scarring. Cold sore infections can last for 1-3 weeks and are characterised by tingling and/or itching 24 hours prior to the appearance of lesions. Cold sores can recur. 

Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus serotype 1 (HSV-1). A person may become infected by transmission from another individual who has a cold sore, for example, by kissing. The vims passes through the skin and travels up the nerve, where it usually lies dormant until triggered. Common risk factors include emotional stresses, fatigue, colds and viruses that may weaken the body s immune system, menstruation and environmental factors such as cold weather and strong winds. 

Herpes simplex viruses A class of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a particular cell type neurons. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a common human pathogen that causes cold sores. 

Herpesviruses range in size from 120 to 300 nm and have DNA genomes and outer lipid membranes (envelopes). As enveloped viruses, herpesviruses are sensitive to drying and adverse conditions. Herpesviruses are spread by inoculation of susceptible mucous membranes or direct cell-to-cell contact. Over 100 herpesviruses have been identified, but only 5 cause human eye infections with any frequency herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus. Herpesviruses can cause blepharitis, conjunctivitis, epithelial and stromal keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, and ARN. HSV-1 is the most frequent cause of primary and recurrent eye disease. The host immime system influences the rates of reactivation. Immimocompromised patients tend to have more frequent reactivations and more severe disease manifestations. The strain of virus also affects the... 

The resistance to adenoviruses types 8 and 19, both common causes of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, in Fluress was studied and survival was found for 3 to 4 weeks for types 19 and 8, respectively. Extreme care should be taken when examining suspect patients. Conversely, resistance to contamination for Fluress from herpes simplex virus type 1 was examined and found to be quite good. Overall, it appears that Fluress , with its unique formulation, is generally the most effective of the combination fluorescein-anesthetic solutions for clinical use but that care must be taken when using generic versions. 

Etiology. Angular blepharitis is caused by infection with Staphylococcus, Moraxella, Candida, or, rarely, herpes simplex virus. 

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), the most common virus found in humans, and VZV have both been known to cause serious ocular complications. Generally speaking, primary disease occurs as a blepharoconjunctivitis in HSV and as chickenpox in VZV but may recur in older children and adults. Both viruses typically manifest as a unilateral ocular disease. 

Adenovirus and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are the most common causes of viral conjunctivitis. The frequency of infection by one of these organisms varies depending on the particular region s climate and other environmental factors. Box 25-1 summarizes the most significant ocular infectious agents. 

Herpes Simplex Virus Ophthalmia Neonatorum. HSY infection is an uncommon but important cause of neonatal infection and is associated with conjunctivitis in 5% to 10% of cases.The clinical manifestations are nonspecific and include conjimctival hyperemia, chemosis, periorbital edema, and mucous discharge. Corneal involvement is not uncommon and can include dendritic, geographic, or stromal keratitis. Herpetic ophthalmia neonatorum represents a primary herpetic infection. Central nervous system involvement, encephalitis, retinitis, optic neuritis, uveitis, choroiditis, and a fetal viremia can be serious sequelae of primary herpetic infections. 

Uchio E, Takeuchi S. Climcal and epidemiological features of acute folhcular conjunctivitis with special reference to that caused by herpes simplex virus type l.Br J Ophthalmol 2000 89(9) 968-972... 

The virus remains latent in the trigeminal nerve, may remain in the cornea, and has been reported in tears. HSV type 2 usually infects the genital area and is transmitted sexually but can cause ocular infection if transmitted to the eye via infected genital secretions. This most commonly occurs in neonates who are exposed to the virus in the birth canal. In neonates, herpes simplex can cause a fatal systemic infection. 

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