Herpes simplex virus HSV

Microwave-assisted reactions allow rapid product generation in high yield under uniform conditions. Therefore, they should be ideally suited for parallel synthesis applications. The first example of parallel reactions carried out under microwave irradiation conditions involved the nucleophilic substitution of an alkyl iodide with 60 diverse piperidine or piperazine derivatives (Scheme 4.22) [76]. Reactions were carried out in a multimode microwave reactor in individual sealed polypropylene vials using acetonitrile as solvent. Screening of the resulting 2-aminothiazole library in a herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) assay led to three confirmed hits, demonstrating the potential of this method for rapid lead optimization. 

Acyclovir is useful in the treatment of herpes. Oral herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). More than 90 percent of the world s population is infected with the oral herpes virus, though there are many infected people who do not exhibit symptoms. Genital herpes is the most prevalent nondurable sexually transmitted disease. In the United States, there are about 30 million people infected with HSV-2 and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 new cases each year. 

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector is a human neurotropic vector that possesses double-stranded DNA, replicates in the nucleus of the infected cells and can infect... 

Development of new, more selective antiviral agents related to io5dU and br5dU have produced promising new candidates, including, for example, ( )-5-bromo- and (E)-5-iodovinyldeoxyuridine (BVdU and IVdU) (87). Both BVdU and IVdU are effective in the treatment of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), responsible for shingles, and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)127. 

Herpesviruses range in size from 120 to 300 nm and have DNA genomes and outer lipid membranes (envelopes). As enveloped viruses, herpesviruses are sensitive to drying and adverse conditions. Herpesviruses are spread by inoculation of susceptible mucous membranes or direct cell-to-cell contact. Over 100 herpesviruses have been identified, but only 5 cause human eye infections with any frequency herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus. Herpesviruses can cause blepharitis, conjunctivitis, epithelial and stromal keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, and ARN. HSV-1 is the most frequent cause of primary and recurrent eye disease. The host immime system influences the rates of reactivation. Immimocompromised patients tend to have more frequent reactivations and more severe disease manifestations. The strain of virus also affects the... 

HSV-1. See Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), 384 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 3,388 E. coli and, 3... 

Procapsid/capsid structure, with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), 398 projectBjFile, 111, 112 Prokaryotic expression systems, 4-8 Escherichia coli and, 4—8 Protein folding, of influenza hemagglutinin (HA), 351-352... 

The protein VP22 is found in the amorphous tegument layer of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1).24 A relatively small (36 kDa), highly basic protein, it has been shown to undergo covalent modification (phosphorylation25 and nucleotidylation26) and... 

There are eight members of the herpesvirus family able to infect humans HHV-1 (herpes simplex virus 1, HSV-1) HHV-2 (herpes simplex virus 2, HSV-2) HHV-3 (varicella zoster virus,VZV) HHV-4 (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV) HHV-5 (cytomegalovirus, CMV) HHV-6 (human B-cell lymphotrophic virus or roseolovirus) HHV-7 (closely related to HHV-6) HHV-8 (a type of the rhadinovirus). 

A were effective against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-land 11) [82, 83]. Eudistomin K sulfoxide and eudistomin K have high activities against polio vaccine type-1 virus. Platinum (If) and palladium (11) complexes of harmaline, harmalol, harmine, and harman and ( )-Debromoeudistomin K were also observed to exhibit antiviral activities against influenza virus (A and B) and herpes virus [84]. Recently, harman and its derivatives were found to possess anti-HIV activities against human peripheral blood mmuHiuclear (PBM) cells [85]. 

All compounds were assayed against both herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI-3) by using Madin Darby Bovine Kidney and Vero cell lines with the aim to capture structure relationship in each of the compounds. Acyclovir and oseltamivir were used as control agents. Correlation between toxicity on uninfected cells (Vero, MDBK) and antiviral activity of the synthesis compounds were determined in the same microtiter plate. The results of the antiviral study are presented in Table 2. 

Besides the role of retinoids in host immune defenses to viral infections (see [6] for review), retinoids may also affect virus replication. Angulo et al. [44] characterized three RA response elements in the promoter region of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) and demonstrated the necessity for RAR and RXR in the viral promoter s positive response to RA. In contrast, the replication of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) in cultured Vero cells was inhibited by isomers of RA, but not retinol inhibition occurred without evident induction of IFN-a or IFN-p gene expression [45]. RA also protected HL-60 and WISH cells from infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) [46] however, in this case RA significantly increased the ability of IFN-a to decrease virus replication. These apparently contrasting effects of RA on hCMV as compared to HSV-1 or VSV replication further illustrate the potential for retinoids to act either positively or negatively in host resistance to viral infection and anti-viral immunity. Retinoid-IFN interactions are further discussed later in this chapter. 

A special application of L-arginine has been found to be a very helpful additive in dental formulations used to treat dentin hypersensitivity. The research demonstrated that a combination of 8% L-arginine and calcium carbonate helped the rapid and complete deposition of dentin plugs having calcium and phosphate over dentin tubules (Petrou et al., 2009). L-arginine also demonstrated a considerable antiviral effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and was found to be concentration dependent. The amino acid dso demonstrated a similar effect on other DNA and RNA viruses, such as the influenza virus, poliomyelitis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (Naito et al., 2009). 

BAGHiAN A, JAYNES j, ENRIGHT F, KousouLAS KG. An amphipathic alpha-hclical synthetic peptide analogue of meUttin inhibits herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-l)-induced ceU fusion and vims spread. Peptides 1997 18(2) 177-83. 

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