Herpes simplex virus vaccine

Bowen, J. Alpar, H. Phillpotts, R. Brown, M. Mucosal delivery of herpes simplex virus vaccine. Research Virol. 1992, 143, 269-278. 

The most widely studied therapeutic proteins produced in plants include monoclonal antibodies for passive immunotherapy and antigens for use as oral vaccines [40]. Antibodies against dental caries, rheumatoid arthritis, cholera, E. coli diarrhea, malaria, certain cancers, Norwalk virus, HIV, rhinovirus, influenza, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus have been produced in transgenic plants. However, the anti-Streptococcus mutans secretory antibody for the prevention of dental caries is the only plant-derived antibody currently in Phase II clinical trials [40]. Until recently, most antibodies were expressed in tobacco, potato, alfalfa, soybean, rice and wheat [9], It has been estimated that for every 170 tons of harvested tobacco, 100 tons represents harvested leaves. A single hectare could thus yield 50 kg of secretory IgA [3, 41]. Furthermore, it has been estimated that the cost of antibody production in plants is half that in transgenic animals and 20 times lower than in mammalian cell cul-... 

Herpes simplex vaccine, 25 498-499 Herpes simplex viruses, 3 136 Herpesviruses, 3 136 Herpes zoster vaccine, 25 496-497 Herschel-Bulkley model, 21 705 Herschel effect, 19 204 Herz compounds, 23 643... 

Brynestad K, et al. Influence of peptide acylation, liposome incorporation, and synthetic immunomodulators on the immunogenicity of a 1-23 peptide of glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus implications for subunit vaccines. J Virol 1990 64 680. 

Ho, R.J., R.L. Burke, and T.C. Merigan, Disposition of antigen-presenting liposomes in vivo effect on presentation of herpes simplex virus antigen rgD. Vaccine, 1994.12(3) 235-42. 

Herpes Simplex. There are two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) that infect humans. Type I causes orofacial lesions and 30% of the U.S population suffers from recurrent episodes. Type II is responsible for genital disease and anywhere from 3 x 104 — 3 107 cases per year (including recurrent infectionsi occur. The primary source of neonatal herpes infections, which are severe and often fatal, is the mother infected with type II. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that cervical carcinoma may be associated with HSV-II infection. Vaccine development is hampered by die fact that recurrent disease is common. Thus, natural infection does not provide immunity and the best method to induce immunity artificially is not clear. A much better understanding of the pathogenesis of die virus and virus-host interactions are required for the efficient development of the vaccine. 

Nass, P. H., Elkins, K. L., and Weir, J. P. 2001. Protective immunity against herpes simplex virus generated by DNA vaccination compared to natural infection. Vaccine 79 1538-1546. 

DNA vaccination has been attempted by intranasal administration of a plasmid expression system for herpes simplex virus (Kuklin et al. 1997), HIV (Robinson 2007), and influenza virus (Pertmer et al. 2000), with significant protection observed against mucosal challenge. 

Parenteral Route. Parenteral vaccination remains the immunization method of choice for most antigens because it provides more effective immune response than do any other routes of vaccination in most cases. Every years millions of people receive inactivated influenza vaccine by parenteral administration. Subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is known to induce simultaneous immune responses in the blood and upper respiratory tract of subjects. The immune response, i.e., the increase in the number of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood and tonsils, increased rapidly to reach a peak within 1 week after vaccination.Parenteral vaccination of a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 resulted in systemic cellular and humoral responses. The mucosal humoral responses generated by intramuscular and intradermal vaccination were comparable with those obtained by mucosal vaccination. The DNA vaccine was able to... 

A 5-year-old boy developed zoster-like vesicular lesions 4 years after Varicella immunization. Virological examination showed Herpes simplex virus type 1, and so the vesicnlar lesions could not be attributed to the Varicella zoster virus vaccine strain, demonstrating the difficulty in confirming causality between time-related events (22). 

Roizman e l. concerning Herpes simplex virus.32 xhe production of vaccines from these materials is expected to follow closely that of... 

Vaccines may also be effective in treating diseases. Therapeutic vaccines against infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus,... 

Sacks WR, Schaffer PA (1987) Deletion mutants in the gene encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein ICPO exhibit impaired growth in cell culture. J Virol 61 829-839 Spector FC, Kern ER, Palmer J, Kaiwar R, Cha TA, Brown P, Spaete RR (1998) Evaluation of a live attenuated recombinant virus RAV 9395 as a herpes simplex virus type 2 vaccine in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 177 1143-1154... 

Tigges MA, Leng S, Johnson DC, Burke RL (1996) Human herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific CD8 + CTL clones recognize HSV- 2-infected fibroblasts after treatment with IFN-gamma or when virion host shutoff functions are disabled. J Immunol 156 3901-3910 Walker J, Laycock KA, Pepose JS, Leib DA (1998) Postexposure vaccination with a virion host shutoff defective mutant reduces UV-B radiation-induced ocular herpes simplex virus shedding in mice. Vaccine 16 6-8... 

Fig. 8.2. A. B. Ex vivo antigen-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated on day 25 post-withdrawal of CLA from the diet. Pigs had been fed either a control diet (left) or a CLA-supplemented diet (right) for 72 days. PBMC were cultured for 5 days with spirochetal antigens (B. hyodysenteriae), viral antigens (pseudorabies virus a relative of herpes simplex virus) or both. Data represents the mean stimulation index of cells in a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay based on incorporation of methyl-[3H] thymidine. Pigs were immunized on days 0 and 20. Significant differences (P < 0.05) caused by the interaction between vaccine and diet are shown with the (yen) sign.

A were effective against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-land 11) [82, 83]. Eudistomin K sulfoxide and eudistomin K have high activities against polio vaccine type-1 virus. Platinum (If) and palladium (11) complexes of harmaline, harmalol, harmine, and harman and ( )-Debromoeudistomin K were also observed to exhibit antiviral activities against influenza virus (A and B) and herpes virus [84]. Recently, harman and its derivatives were found to possess anti-HIV activities against human peripheral blood mmuHiuclear (PBM) cells [85]. 

Once the virus has achieved an intracellular location, it is protected from antibodies and only cell-mediated immunity is effective. Difficulties in producing effective vaccines against some viral infections, such as HIV, herpes simplex and hepatitis, have spurred the development of new strategies that use DNA rather than protein. 

In the field of prophylactic vaccination, a variety of vaccines has reached the market place during the past few decades. However, many attempts to prevent infectious diseases such as AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis - as well as infections caused by hepatitis G virus (HGV), human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex vims or GMV - have failed. The reasons for this failure are the devious methods used by pathogens to outflank the immune system. 

Later was reported that variabilin (7a) is a good inhibitor of human secretory and cytosolic PLA2 with anti-inflammatory activity [32] and shows in vitro antiviral activity against Herpes simplex (HSV) and Polio vaccine (PV1) viruses [33]. The high cytotoxicity against the BSC cell line exhibited by variabilin severely limits its potential usefulness as antiviral agent [33]. 

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