Immune response cellular

Rat DOTC 6 weeks at 0, 50, or 150 mg/kg diet = 0, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/kg body weight Decreased cellular immune response, decreased haemolysin titres Lowest dose at which effect was reported = 2.5 Seinen et al. (1977b)... 

Immunotoxicity. Limited information is available regarding the effects of endosulfan on the human immune system. However, specially designed studies using rats indicate that both humoral and cellular immune responses are depressed by ingested endosulfan at doses that do not induce any overt signs of toxicity (Banerjee and Hussain 1986,1987). In vitro studies support the possibility that endosulfan affects immune system function (Das et al. 1988). These results demonstrate that immunotoxicity may be a more sensitive end point of endosulfan-induced toxicity than other end points, and humans may be at risk for adverse immune effects following exposure to endosulfan. An intermediate-duration oral MRL was derived based on the observation of depressed immune responses (Banerjee and Hussain 1987). 

A recent report has demonstrated that the proteolytic activity of NS3 plays an additional role in viral infection, beyond polyprotein processing. An important mediator of the cellular immune response is the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), which becomes activated on infection and then stimulates production of type-1 interferon and other antiviral genes [46]. It was found that expression of heterodimeric NS3/4A... 

Sgoutas-Emch, S., Cacioppo, J., Uchino, B. and Malarkey, W., The effects of an acute psychological stressor on cardiovascular, endocrine, and cellular immune response A prospective study of individuals high and low in heart rate reactivity. Psychophysiology 31(3), 264-271, 1994. 

Soltys, J., Goyal, P.K. and Wakelin, D. (1999) Cellular immune responses in mice infected with the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Experimental Parasitology 92, 40-47. 

Else, K.J. and Grencis, R.K. (1991) Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trickuris muris. I. Differential cytokine production during acute or chronic infection. Immunology 72, 508-513. 

Bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV1) glycoprotein D (gDc) Tobacco leaf Sustained and specific humoral and cellular immune response in mice and cows when delivered once parenterally. Cows challenged with infectious dose of BHV1 exhibited milder symptoms over a shorter duration. 87... 

ISCOMs are stable (non-covalent) complexes composed of a mixture of Quil A, cholesterol and (an amphipathic) antigen. ISCOMs stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses and have been used in the production of some veterinary vaccines. Their use in humans, however, has not been licensed so far, mainly due to safety concerns relating to the Quil A component. 

Details on the cellular immune responses occurring following the recognition of xenobiotic haptens as antigens by the immune system are described in chapters 33-35 of this volume. Ultimately, a certain combination of mediators is selectively activated and subsequently helps determine and differentiate the characteristic immune response (e.g., Thl vs. Th2). For example, dermal sensitizing chemicals (e.g., oxazolone and dinitrochlorobenzene) elicit a higher proportion of Thl cytokines such as IFNy and... 

Changes of cellular immune response can be quantified, enabling potency testing. 

CpG ODNs are also effective as vaccine adjuvants to enhance adaptive TH1 cellular immune responses.104 In mice, CpG ODNs can trigger strong TH1 responses,105 enhancing the number and function of tumor-specific Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and IFN-y secreting T cells.106 This has resulted in therapeutic vaccines in mouse tumor models where no other approach has shown comparable efficacy, even with large (1 cm) established tumors.107 108 Even without a vaccine, CpG ODNs can induce CD8+ T cell-mediated regression of established tumors with durable memory responses.109... 

Phagocytosis and encapsulation, in which pathogens are sequestered within several layers of cells, are the predominant cellular immune responses. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that bacterial products are recognized24 and transduced by host cells25 26 by similar pattern recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 

Erickson, K.L. et al., Development of an interleukin-2 receptor expression assay and its use in evaluation of cellular immune responses in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), J. Wildlife. Dis., 31, 142, 1995. 

De Swart, R.L. et al., Impaired cellular immune response in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on environmentally contaminated herring, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 101, 480, 1995. 

Ross, P.S. et al., Impaired cellular immune response in rats exposed perinatally to Baltic Sea herring oil or 2,3,7,8-TCDD, Arch. Toxicol., 17, 563, 1997. 

The studies on stress-associated immunoregulation reviewed here are of great interest to both basic scientists and clinicians. Whereas these results implicate stress in the dys-regulation of the cellular immune response in healthy individuals, of greater importance... 

Bonneau, R. et al., Stress-induced modulation of the primary cellular immune response to herpes simplex virus infection is mediated by both adrenal-dependent and independent mechanisms, J. Neuroimmunol., 42, 167, 1993. 

IRIV adjuvance in hepatitis A vaccination has been demonstrated as enhancement of humoral responses (1). There are only few adjuvants licensed for human use and they predominantly enhance humoral immune responses (2-4). In view of chronic viral diseases, infections linked to intracellular pathogens, and cancer immunotherapy, there is a need for appropriate adjuvants that have the capability to enhance cellular immune responses, in particular cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses (4,5). Here, we addressed IRIV-elicited immune responses and IRIV capacity to enhance CTL responses. 

The immunological disorders of Indian childhood cirrhosis and of tropical splenomegaly syndrome, where there are disturbances of the immunoglobulin synthesis as well as defects of cellular immune responses, may be the results of a combination of infections and perhaps certain types of unusual autoimmune phenomena—or even to vitamin deficiencies. 

Cellular Immune Responses in Patients with Multiple Myelomatosis... 

The serum immunoglobulins, in particular the IgM concentrations, are depressed in patients with Burkitt s lymphoma. All patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement had IgM in their CSF, and subunits of IgM were detected in the urines of some Burkitt s lymphoma patients. The cellular immune responses were reported to be intact, but the humoral immunity was depressed in most patients with Burkitt s lymphoma. 

As mentioned previously, serial estimations of the immunoglobulin levels in patients with malignancies are useful indices in the assessment of response to treatment and of the course of the disease. They are therefore recommended. It is more than likely that the subnormal transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes to plant mitogens which indicate impaired cellular immune responses coupled with the antibody deficiencies are responsible for the infection which frequently occurs in these patients. 

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