Virus measles

In a more recent study, Webster et al. (2006) report the expression and characterization of lettuce-derived measles vaccine. The MV-H protein expressed in lettuce was demonstrated to be immunogenic in mice following intraperitoneal injection in the absence of adjuvant in addition to intranasal inoculation in the presence of a mucosal adjuvant. The highest response was observed in mice primed first with MV-H DNA and then boosted with an oral formulation of freeze-dried MV-H lettuce in conjunction with a mucosal adjuvant. In addition to this, the type of immune response was found to depend largely on the manner in which MV-H is presented to the immune system. Secreted and soluble forms of MV-H were demonstrated to induce a Th2 type response, while membrane-bound MV-H protein was found to be associated with a Thl response. 

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For the pathogenesis of multiple sklerosis, autoimmune T-lymphocy tes play a predominant role, which are directed against components of the neural myelin sheath. T-lymphocy tes by secreting cytokines such as interferon y maintain the chronic inflammation which destructs the myelin sheath. Also cytotoxic T-lymphocytes may participate directly. The cause of multiple sklerosis is unknown. Significantly increased antibody titers against several vitusses, mostly the measles virus, point to a (latent) virus infection initiating the disease. 

An example of the use of an attenuated virus is the administration of the measles vaccine to an individual who has not had measles. The m easles (rubeola) vaccine contains the live, attenuated measles virus. The individual receiving the vaccine develops a mild or modified measles infection, which then produces immunity against the rubeola virus. The measles vaccine protects 95% of the recipients for several years or, for some individuals, for life. An example of a killed virus used for immunization is the cholera vaccine. This vaccine protects those who receive the vacdne for about 3 to 6 months. 

Many enveloped viruses share a common mechanism of fusion, mediated by a virus-encoded glycoprotein that contains heptad repeats in its extraceUnlar domain. Dnring the fnsion process, these domains rearrange to form highly structured and thermodynamically stable coiled-coils. Viruses encoding fusion proteins that have these domains inclnde members of the paramyxovirus family (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, and measles virus), ebola virus, influenza, and members of the retroviridae (e.g., human T cell lenkemia virus type-1 and human immunodeficiency virus type-1, HlV-1). Peptide inhibitors of fusion that disrupt the... 

Measles virus Enveloped particles variable in size, 120-250nm in diameter, helical capsids Very common childhood fever, immunity is life-long and second attacks are very rare... 

Measles Chick embryo cell cultures infected with attenuated measles virus 1 Clarification 2 Freeze-drying Infectivity titration in cell cultures Tests to exclude presence of extraneous viruses... 

Measles Neutralization of the infectivity of measles virus for cell cultures Not less than 50IU ml" ... 

A live vaccine strain of measles (Chapter 15) was introduced in the USA in 1962 and to the UK in 1968. A single injection produces high-level immunity in over 95% of recipients. Moreover, since the vaccine induces immunity more rapidly than the natural infection, it may be used to control the impact of measles outbreaks. The measles virus cannot survive outside ofan infected host. Widespread use ofthe vaccine therefore has the potential, as with smallpox, of eliminating the disease worldwide. Mass immunization has reduced the incidence of measles to almost nil, although a 15-fold increase in the incidence was noted in the USA between 1989 and 1991 because of poor compliance. 

El-Kasmi, K. C., Fillon, S., Thiesen, D. M., Hartter, H., Brons, N. H. C. and Muller, C. P. (2000), Neutralization of measles virus wild-type isolates after immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine which is not recognized by neutralizing passive antibodies , J. Gen. Virol., 81, 729-735. 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

Measles virus hemagglutinin (H) protein Carrot leaf and root IgGl and IgG2 cross reacted strongly with measles virus and neutralized virus in vivo. Immunogenic in mice when delivered parenterally. 39... 

Live attenuated strains of measles virus Purified surface polysaccharide antigens of one or more strains of Neisseria meningitidis... 

Measles virus (attenuated) Chick egg embryo cells... 

Measles vaccine, 25 490 491 Measles virus (MV), 3 137 Measurement-based methods, for reliability, 26 1044... 

Viral vaccines are cultivated on inanimate media. Some examples include hepatitis b vaccine, influenza virus vaccine, measles virus vaccine, rabies vaccine, rubella vaccine, and yellow fever vaccine. The viral vaccines are available as lyophilized powder for reconstitution, or suspension for injections,... 

Each mL of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) virus vaccine contains not less than 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Measles virus 10,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Mumps virus and 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Rubella virus. The first dose (half mL SC) of this vaccine is recommended at the age of 12 to 15 months. What is the dose strength for the Measles virus ... 

Each mL of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) virus vaccine contains not less than 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Measles virus ... 

Examples of attenuated vaccines are Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for immunization against tuberculosis, Sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis, attenuated Paramyxovirus parotitidus against mumps, and attenuated measles virus against measles. 

Infectious Dementias. One hundred years ago, the most common cause of dementia was an infection syphilis. Today, syphilis is well treated and seldom left to linger long enough to infect the brain and cause dementia, but a blood test for syphilis remains a routine part of the assessment for patients newly diagnosed with dementia. Today, the most common infectious cause of dementia is HIV/AIDS. Other, rare forms of infection-caused dementia include Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (spongiform encephalopathy) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), the latter caused by the measles virus in unvaccinated children. 

At the same time Wakefield and co-workers " described an inflammatory bowel condition apparently related to young children with an ASD. As a tentative suggestion the possibility that this might also be related to MMR vaccination was raised which resulted in cries of dismay, mostly from the UK Department of Health but also from certain sections of the medical profession. There is certainly good evidence that these disorders are chronologically related to the time of MMR vaccination and, in addition, measles virus, sometimes claimed to be of vaccine origin, has been found in bowel tissue but a convincing causal relationship has been widely discounted. 

Measles immunoglobulin Human Specificity against measles virus... 

Cannahinoids are usually well tolerated, and do not produce the generalized toxic effects of conventional chemotherapies . Anti-ulcer activity. Petroleum ether extract of the dried aerial parts, administered intra-peritoneally to male rats, was active k Antiviral activity. Hot water extract of the dried fruit, in veto cell culture at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, was inactive on herpes simplex 1 virus, measles virus, and poliovirus... 

Antiviral activity. Leaf, on agar plate at a concentration of 2%, was active on herpes simplex 1 virus and reduced plague formation in monkey kidney cells. Undiluted leaves produced strong activity on Cox-sackie B5 virus, herpes simplex 1 vims, and measles virus. Viral reproduction was inhih-... 

Z0339 Kurokawa, M., H. Ochiai, K. Naga-saka, et al. Antiviral traditional medicines against herpes simplex (HSV-1), poliovirus, and measles virus in vitro and their therapeutic efficacies for HSV-1 infection in mice. Antiviral Res 1993 22(2/3) 175-188. 

Webster, D.E., Smith, S.D., Rickering, R.J., Strugnell, R.A., Dry, I.B., and Wesselingh, S.L. (2006). Measles virus hemagglutinin protein expressed in transgenic lettuce induces neutralizing antibodies in mice following mucosal vaccination. Vaccine 24(17) 3538-3544. 

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