Herpes simplex virus treatment

YT Bryson, M Dillon, G Acuna, S Taylor, JD Cherry, BL Johnson, E Wiesmeier, W Growden, T Greagh-Kirk, R Keeney. Treatment of first episodes of genital herpes simplex virus infection with oral acyclovir. A randomized double-blind controlled trial in normal subjects. N Engl J Med 308 916-921, 1983. 

Human embryo lung fibroblasts infected with a reference laboratory strain of herpes simplex virus (HS V) type 2 were used to detect antibody to HSV type 2 in serum samples. After treatment of cells with serial dilutions of sera, HRP-labeled immunoglobulins to human IgG (class G immunoglobulins) were added and detected with CL substrate [36], In both cases a sharp detection of the specific antibodies was achieved with chemiluminescent assays, which proved more sensitive than the colorimetric immunoperoxidase assays. 

Nearly all classes of organisms studied exhibit physiological responses to the presence of Li+ and many of these are detailed in a review by Wissocq et al. including bacteria, viruses, amphibians, fish, birds, fungi, and higher plants [224], Of particular interest is the inhibitory action of Li+ upon DNA viruses and its efficacy in the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HS V). A recent review covering the possible mechanisms of action of Li+ in plants has also been published [225]. Below are merely a few examples to demonstrate the variety of the influences of Li+. 

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) /nfecf/ons Treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV infections in immunocompromised patients. 

Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection Treatment of neonatal herpes infections. Parenteral Treatment of initial and recurrent mucosal and cutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV)-I and -2 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV/shingles) infections in immunocompromised patients. 

WraZ/nfecf/on. Treatment with tacrolimus ointment may be associated with an increased risk of varicella zoster virus infection (chicken pox or shingles), herpes simplex virus infection, or eczema herpeticum. 

Efficacy In other conditions The clinical efficacy in the treatment of stromal keratitis and uveitis caused by herpes simplex or ophthalmic infections caused by vaccinia virus and adenovirus, or in the prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus keratoconjunctivitis and epithelial keratitis has not been established by well-controlled clinical trials. Not effective against bacterial, fungal, or chlamydial infections of the cornea or trophic lesions. 

Foscarnet is an inorganic pyrophosphate analogue which causes selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Topical foscarnet cream has appeared to be a safe and effective treatment for aciclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in AIDS patients. 

Trifluoromethyl-2 -deoxyuridine, trifluridine (Viroptic ), is an anti-viral drug acting on TS via another mechanism. It is a mechanism-based inactivator of thy-midylate synthase (Figs. 27 and 28). Trifluridine is marketed for the topical treatment of Herpes simplex virus infection in eyes. 

Trifluridine (5-trifluoromethyl-2 -deoxyuridine) (Viroptic ) is marketed for the topical treatment of herpes simplex virus infection in the eyes. This antiviral drug is a mechanism-based inactivator of thymidylate synthase. The mechanism of inhibition and synthesis of trifluoridine are reported in Chapter 7. 

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, foscarnet-resistant CMV, ganciclovir-resistant CMV, varicella-zoster virus... 

Treatment of herpes simplex virus infection of the skin and mucous membrane, including initial and recurrent genital herpes. 

Ho, R.I, R.L. Burke, and T.C. Merigan, Antigen-presenting liposomes are effective in treatment of recurrent herpes simplex virus genitalis in guinea pigs. J Virol, 1989. 63(7) 2951-8. 

IgG receptors on cultured, human lymphocytes.526 Sialidase treatment of lymphocytes from sensitized subjects increased the responsiveness to viral, bacterial, and fungal antigens.527 The same treatment of human, Herpes simplex virus-infected cells was found to enhance the sensitivity of the cells to lysis mediated by antibody and complement.528... 

Inhibition of glycosylation in virus-infected cells usually has dramatic effects on virus multiplication. This discovery prompted promulgation of a new concept in the experimental therapy of virus-induced diseases. Local treatment of the affected regions with 2-deoxy-D-arabtno-hexose led50n s02 to significant improvements in human-genital herpes infections, or Herpes simplex virus infection of the eye. 

Topical acyclovir (Zovirax) is available as a 5% ointment topical penciclovir (Denavir), as a 1% cream for the treatment of recurrent orolabial herpes simplex virus infection in immunocompetent adults. Adverse local reactions to acyclovir and penciclovir may include pruritus and mild pain with transient stinging or burning. 

Fahim M, Brawner T, Hall D. New treatment for herpes-simplex virus type-2 [ultrasound and zinc, urea and tannic acid ointment]. Part II Female patients. J Med 1980 11 143-167. 

Acyclovir is useful in the treatment of herpes. Oral herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). More than 90 percent of the world s population is infected with the oral herpes virus, though there are many infected people who do not exhibit symptoms. Genital herpes is the most prevalent nondurable sexually transmitted disease. In the United States, there are about 30 million people infected with HSV-2 and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 new cases each year. 

Kanai R, Tomita H, Hirose Y, Ohba S, et al. 2007. Augmented therapeutic efficacy of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant expressing ICP345 under the transcriptional control of musashi 1 promoter in the treatment of malignant glioma. Hum Gene Ther. 18 63-73. 

Shen Y, Nemunaitis J. 2006. Herpes simplex virus 1 (SHV-1) for cancer treatment. Cancer Gene Ther. 13 975-992. 

Herpes simplex virus encephalitis after myxedema coma has been described in an 81-year-old man treated with hydrocortisone (100 mg 8-hourly) and levothyroxine (328). In renal transplantation, two cases of death from Herpes simplex as a result of glucocorticoid treatment are on record (SED-8, 827 SEDA-17, 449). 

Elshami, A. A., Kucharczuk, J. C., Zhang, H. B., Smythe, W. R., Hwang, H. C., Litzky, L. A., Kaiser, L. R. and Albelda, S. M. (1996). Treatment of pleural mesothelioma in an immunocompetent rat model utilizing adenoviral transfer of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 141-148. 

Development of new, more selective antiviral agents related to io5dU and br5dU have produced promising new candidates, including, for example, ( )-5-bromo- and (E)-5-iodovinyldeoxyuridine (BVdU and IVdU) (87). Both BVdU and IVdU are effective in the treatment of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), responsible for shingles, and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)127. 

Vidarabine [vye DARE a been] arabinofuranosyl adenine, ara-A, adenine arabinoside) is one of the most effective of the nucleoside analogs and is also the least toxic. However, it has been supplanted clinically by acyclovir, which is more efficacious and safe. Although vidarabine is active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), its use is limited to treatment of immunocompromised patients with herpes simplex keratitis or encephalitis, or VZV infections. Vidarabine, an adenosine analog, is converted in the cell to its 5 -triphosphate analog (ara-ATP), which is postulated to inhibit viral DNA synthesis. Some resistant herpes virus... 

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