Antiviral activities Herpes simplex virus

Torvanol A and torvoside H isolated from Solanum torvum (76) showed antiviral activity (herpes simplex virus type 1) in vitro. The IC50 values were threefold less compared with the reference compound, acyclovir. 

In order to establish the antiviral activity. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Parainfluenza-3 virns (Pl-3) were used. The test viruses were obtained from Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University (Turkey). 

Novel isosteres 545 of the antiviral agent acyclovir were synthesized in three stages (84JHC697) by dehydrative coupling of 3-amino-6-aminomethyl[ 1,2,4]triazin-5-(4//)-one with 2-(benzoyloxy)ethoxyacetic acid to give the respective amide that cyclized and deprotected to give 545. It showed no activity against herpes simplex virus types I and II in cell culture (Scheme 112). 

Lemon balm isa perennial herb with heart-shaped leaves that has been used for hundreds of years. Its scientific name is Melissa officinalis. Traditionally the herb has been used for Graves disease (see Chap. 51), asa sedative, arrtispasmodic, and an antiviral agent. When used topically, lemon balm has antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus(HSM). No adverse reactions have been reported when lemon balm is used topically. 

Catechins and proanthocyanidins have a documented antiviral activity. Catechins from an extract of Cocos nucifera husk fibre exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-l-ACVr) [62]. The use of 10 to 20ngml of ECG and EGCG has been reported to cause 50% inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase [89], while Kara and Nakayama [90] reported that a patented chewing gum containing tea catechins is claimed to prevent viral infections against influenza and to inhibit dissemination of this virus. 

SAR studies were carried out by de Bruyne et al. [92] on a series of dimeric procyanidins, considered as model compounds for antiviral therapies. On the whole, proanthocyanidins containing EC dimers exhibited more pronounced activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), while the presence of ortho-trihydroxyl groups in the B-ring appeared to be essential in all proanthocyanidins exhibiting anti-HSV effects. Galloylation and polymerization reinforced the antiviral activities markedly. 

Pujol CA, Scolaro LA, Ciancia M, Matulewicz MC, Cerezo AS, Damonte EB (2006) Antiviral activity of a carrageenan from Gigartina skottsbergii against intraperitoneal murine Herpes simplex virus infection. Planta Med 72 121-125... 

The 9-alkoxyguanine 998 has potent and selective antiherpes virus activity. The racemic guanine derivative 1003 showed potent and selective activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, but was less active against varicella zoster virus (VZV). Its antiviral activity is attributable to the S... 

Pharmacology Valacyclovir is the hydrochloride salt of L-valyl ester of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Valacyclovir is rapidly converted to acyclovir, which has in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus types I (HSV-1) and II (HSV-2), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In cell culture, acyclovir has the highest antiviral activity against HSV-1, followed by (in decreasing order of potency) HSV-2 and VZV. In vitro, acyclovir triphosphate stops replication of herpes viral DMA in 3 ways 1) Competitive inhibition of viral DMA polymerase 2) incorporation and termination of... 

Pharmacology Ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analog. It has antiviral activity in vitro against RSV, influenza A and B viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Pharmacokinetics ... 

Pharmacology Penciclovir is an antiviral agent active against herpes viruses. It has in vitro inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). 

Pharmacology A fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside with in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and vaccinia virus. Some strains of adenovirus are also inhibited in vitro. Its antiviral mechanism of action is not completely known. 

Mechanism of Action Avirustatic antiviral that is converted to acyclovir triphosphate, becoming part of the viral DNA chain. Therapeutic Effect Interferes with DNA synthesis and replication of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Pharmacokinetics Rapidly absorbed after PO administration. Protein binding 13%-18%. Rapidly converted by hydrolysis to the active compound acyclovir. Widely distributed to tissues and body fluids (including cerebrospinal fluid CSF ). Primarily eliminated in urine. Removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 2.5-3.3 hr (increased in impaired renal function). 

EO of Melaleuca alternifolia and eucalyptus exhibited a high level of antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in a viral suspension test [125]. Also, Santolina insularis EO... 

Soyasaponin I and II were studied in vitro against herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). Soyasaponin II was more potent than soyasaponin I in the reduction of HSV-1 production. Soyasaponin II was also found to inhibit the replication of human cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This activity was not due to the inhibition of virus penetration and protein synthesis, but might involve a virucidal effect. When acyclovir and soyasaponin II were evaluated in combination for anti-HSV-1 activity, additive antiviral effects were observed for this virus [160]. Astragaloside II afforded almost 100% protection of T-lymphocytes in vitro against the cytophatic effects of HIV infection. However, the EC50 of ca. 2.5 x 105 molar was difficult to achieve in vivo [98],... 

Benefits Echinacea is held to be one of the most effective detoxifying herbs in Western medicine for a range of ailments, and is now used in ayurvedic medicine. The polyynes and cichoric acid components are reported to have antibacterial and virostatic effects. Echinacea also demonstrates an anti-inflammatory effect due to the alkamides component. As an immune stimulant, it significantly raises immunoglobulin M levels. Antiviral activities against both the Herpes simplex virus Type I and the influenza-A virus have been observed. 

The antiviral activity of 322, determined351 using primary rabbit kidney cells injected with HS V-l (Herpes Simplex Virus type 1), showed that BVFRU has antiviral potency and transport characteristics suitable for in vivo diagnosis of HSE (Herpes Simplex Encephal-ities) because of greater stability of bromine-carbon bonds than iodine-carbon bond present in [131I]IVDU352, [( )-5-(2-iodovinyl)-l-(2-deoxy- -D-ribofuranosyl)uracil]. 

Abstract The inhibitory action of polyanionic substances on virus replication was reported more than 50 years ago. Seaweeds, marine invertebrates, and higher plants represent abundant sources of novel compounds of proved antiviral activity. Natural sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are potent in vitro inhibitors of a wide variety of enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. Several polysulfate compounds have the potential to inhibit virus replication by blocking the virion binding to the host cell. In contrast, their in vivo efficacy in animal and human systemic infections has undesirable draw-... 

The CAP have been reported to inhibit HIV type 1 (HIV-1) integrase and HIV-1 replications at concentrations as low as 10 p,M (McDougall et al., 1998 King et al., 1999 Reinke et al., 2002). Cichoric acid inhibited 50% of the integrase activity and blocked HIV-1 infections by 50% at concentrations of 0.3 and 4 p,M, respectively (Robinson et al., 1996a,b). Hexane extracts of Echinacea roots were found to have antiviral activity against the Herpes simplex virus type 1 at a 0.12 mg/ml concentration (Binns et al., 2002d). 

Binns, S., Hudson, J., Merali, S., and Arnason, J. 2002d. Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae Asteraceae) against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Planta Med. 68, 780-783. 

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