Simplex herpes type 1 virus HSV

EO of Melaleuca alternifolia and eucalyptus exhibited a high level of antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in a viral suspension test [125]. Also, Santolina insularis EO... 

Mucsi et al. [197] studied the combined antiviral effects of some benzol a] phenothiazines and 9-[2-hydroxy(ethoxy)methyl]guanine (acyclovir, ACV, and acycloguanisine) on the multiplication of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Vero cells were infected with HSV-2 and treated with a combination of ACV and selected benzo[a]phenohiazines, including 5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine and 6-methyl-5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine. The authors found that such a treatment decreased the infective virus population, probably by reduction of the mutagenic rate in the virus populations. 

Herpes simplex virus Type-2 (HSV-2) A virus that typically causes genital herpes, but which can also cause oral lesions. 

Pharmacology Valacyclovir is the hydrochloride salt of L-valyl ester of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Valacyclovir is rapidly converted to acyclovir, which has in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus types I (HSV-1) and II (HSV-2), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In cell culture, acyclovir has the highest antiviral activity against HSV-1, followed by (in decreasing order of potency) HSV-2 and VZV. In vitro, acyclovir triphosphate stops replication of herpes viral DMA in 3 ways 1) Competitive inhibition of viral DMA polymerase 2) incorporation and termination of... 

Pharmacology Penciclovir is an antiviral agent active against herpes viruses. It has in vitro inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). 

Soyasaponin I and II were studied in vitro against herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). Soyasaponin II was more potent than soyasaponin I in the reduction of HSV-1 production. Soyasaponin II was also found to inhibit the replication of human cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This activity was not due to the inhibition of virus penetration and protein synthesis, but might involve a virucidal effect. When acyclovir and soyasaponin II were evaluated in combination for anti-HSV-1 activity, additive antiviral effects were observed for this virus [160]. Astragaloside II afforded almost 100% protection of T-lymphocytes in vitro against the cytophatic effects of HIV infection. However, the EC50 of ca. 2.5 x 105 molar was difficult to achieve in vivo [98],... 

Vidarabine [vye DARE a been] arabinofuranosyl adenine, ara-A, adenine arabinoside) is one of the most effective of the nucleoside analogs and is also the least toxic. However, it has been supplanted clinically by acyclovir, which is more efficacious and safe. Although vidarabine is active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), its use is limited to treatment of immunocompromised patients with herpes simplex keratitis or encephalitis, or VZV infections. Vidarabine, an adenosine analog, is converted in the cell to its 5 -triphosphate analog (ara-ATP), which is postulated to inhibit viral DNA synthesis. Some resistant herpes virus... 

AC = anterior chamber HSV-1 = herpes simplex virus type 1 HSV-2 = herpes simplex virus type 2 VZV = varicella-zoster virus. 

Approximately 90% of the population is infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and at least 10% with HSV-2 (Nahmias and Roizman, 1973 Whidey, 1997). Humans are the only natural reservoir for this infecdon, and no vectors are involved in d ansmission of this virus (Stanberry et al., 2004). HSV-1 primary infecdon occurs mainly in childhood, and HSV-2 infecdon occurs predominantly in sexually acdve adolescents and young adults. Aerosols or close contact are the primary mechanisms of viral d ansmission. Although dansmitted by different routes and involving different parts of the body, these two viral subtypes have similar epidemiology and clinical manifestadon. 

Aciclovir is active against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, Varicella zoster virus (VZV), Herpesvirus simiae, and to a lesser degree Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Resistant strains of HSV can arise owing to the emergence of thymidine kinase-deficient mutants. Other forms of resistance patterns are less common (2,3). 

In 1986, venustatriol (2) was isolated from the red algae Laurencia venusta [5]. This compound was shown to possess many of the same structural features as thyrsiferol (1), with the exception of the stereocenters at Cig and C19 as indicated in Fig. (1). At the time of its isolation, venustatriol (2) was reported to display anti-viral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The absolute configuration of venustatriol (2) was verified by x-ray crystallography, an experiment that facilitated the assignment of the absolute stereochemistry of thyrsiferol (1). 

The phenomenon of viral adsorption to various surfaces was extensively studied from an environmental standpoint as reviewed by Daniels (14) and Gerba (15) for prevention of various waterborne viral transmissions. The problem of virus removal from complex protein solutions is very different from that of sewage and drinking water treatment processes because most protein molecules compete for the active sites of the adsorbents. Hence, both the adsorption rate and capacity diminish in the presence of protein molecules (16). It is the intention of this paper to demonstrate and to compare the antiviral activity of a surface-bonded QAC in aqueous solutions against 2 model viruses with and without the presence of proteins. The efficacy of the accepted antiviral thermo-inactivation was compared with the viral inactivation method by the surface-bonded QAC treatment. Beta-lactamase was used as a thermolabile model protein (17), and bacteriophage T2 and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1, an enveloped animal virus) were used as model hydrophilic and hydrophobic viruses to test these chemical inactivation methods. 

VSV = Vesicular Stomatitis Virus HSV-1 = Herpes Simplex Virus Type I HSV-2 = Herpes Simplex Virus Type II NSAIDS = Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species... 

The potent antiherpetic drug 9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]guanine (acyclovir, Zovirax) (78NAT583) possesses potent antiviral activity in cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), but it is essentially nontoxic to uninfected host cells. The discovery of acyclovir (ACV) has... 

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