Antibody herpes simplex virus

The most widely studied therapeutic proteins produced in plants include monoclonal antibodies for passive immunotherapy and antigens for use as oral vaccines [40]. Antibodies against dental caries, rheumatoid arthritis, cholera, E. coli diarrhea, malaria, certain cancers, Norwalk virus, HIV, rhinovirus, influenza, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus have been produced in transgenic plants. However, the anti-Streptococcus mutans secretory antibody for the prevention of dental caries is the only plant-derived antibody currently in Phase II clinical trials [40]. Until recently, most antibodies were expressed in tobacco, potato, alfalfa, soybean, rice and wheat [9], It has been estimated that for every 170 tons of harvested tobacco, 100 tons represents harvested leaves. A single hectare could thus yield 50 kg of secretory IgA [3, 41]. Furthermore, it has been estimated that the cost of antibody production in plants is half that in transgenic animals and 20 times lower than in mammalian cell cul-... 

For other plant-derived antibodies, stability was shown to be similar to mammalian counterparts. For instance, a humanized anti-herpes simplex virus monoclonal antibody (IgGl) was expressed in soybean and showed stability in human semen and cervical mucus over 24 h similar to the antibody obtained from mammalian cell culture. In addition, the plant-derived and mammalian antibodies were tested in a standard neutralization assay with no apparent differences in their ability to neutralize HSV-2. As glycans may play a role in immune exclusion mechanisms in mucus, the diffusion of these monoclonal antibodies in human cerival mucus was tested. No differences were found in terms of the prevention of vaginal HSV-2 transmission in a mouse model, i.e. the plant-derived antibody provided efficient protection against a vaginal inoculum of HSV-2 [58]. This shows that glycosylation differences do not necessarily affect efficacy. 

Human embryo lung fibroblasts infected with a reference laboratory strain of herpes simplex virus (HS V) type 2 were used to detect antibody to HSV type 2 in serum samples. After treatment of cells with serial dilutions of sera, HRP-labeled immunoglobulins to human IgG (class G immunoglobulins) were added and detected with CL substrate [36], In both cases a sharp detection of the specific antibodies was achieved with chemiluminescent assays, which proved more sensitive than the colorimetric immunoperoxidase assays. 

The protein A (pA), antihuman serum albumin (a-HSA, M 150 kD), and human serum albumin (HSA, M 65 kD) were provided by Paradocs BV (Tiel, The Netherlands). The Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) and anti-HSV-1 gG glycoprotein G monoclonal antibody (a-HSV-1 gG) were purchased from Virusys Corporation (Marriottsville, MD, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA, M 50 kD) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie BV (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). Synthetic surface protein of Hepatitis-B virus generated in Hep-G2 cell-line (HEP G2, M 25 kD) was provided by BioMerieux BV (Boxtel, The Netherlands). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used for all experiments. 

Polyspecific Response Associated with CNS Autoimmune Diseases. The oligoclonal, intrathecally synthesized IgG contains numerous specific antibodies and autoantibodies. Antibodies are frequently found with specificities against measles, the rubella virus and the varicella-zoster virus, but seldom against the herpes simplex virus. The occurrence of one, two, or three of these antibodies is referred to as the MRZ reaction. The corresponding antigens are not present in these cases. The MRZ reaction is typical of multiple sclerosis as well as cerebral lupus erythematosus and is a chronically evolving immune process (F5, KIO, S16). 

IgG receptors on cultured, human lymphocytes.526 Sialidase treatment of lymphocytes from sensitized subjects increased the responsiveness to viral, bacterial, and fungal antigens.527 The same treatment of human, Herpes simplex virus-infected cells was found to enhance the sensitivity of the cells to lysis mediated by antibody and complement.528... 

Merriman, H., et al. 1984. Secretory IgA antibody in cervicovaginal secretions from women with genital infection due to herpes simplex virus. J Infect Dis 149 505. 

Bernstein, D. I., Garraty, E., Lovett, M. A., and Bryson, Y. J. (1985) Comparison of western blot analysis to microneutralization for the detection of type-specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus antibodies. J. Med. Virol. 15, 223-230. 

Sanna PP, Williamson RA, De Logu A, Directed selection of recombinant human monoclonal antibodies to herpes simplex virus glycoproteins from phage display libraries, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92 6439-6443, 1995. 

Mezo, G., de Oliveira, E., Krikorian, D., et al. (2003) Synthesis and comparision of antibody recognition of conjugates containing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D epitope VII. Bioconjug. Chem. 11, 1260-1269. 

Welling-Wester, S., Eeijbrief, M., Koedijk, D. G., et al. (1994) Anologues of peptide 9-21 of glycoprotein D of Herpes simplex virus and their binding to group VII monoclonal antibodies. Arch. Virol. 138, 331-340. 

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-I). The RIA was compared to two standard serologic tests for detecting antibody to HSV-1 the IHA test and the CF test. Table V shows the results obtained with sera from three different sources. The overall agreement in distinguishing between positive and negative sera was 98%. 

The Precision of the Magnetic Radioimmunoassay for Detecting Antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I (HSV-I)... 

Parenteral Route. Parenteral vaccination remains the immunization method of choice for most antigens because it provides more effective immune response than do any other routes of vaccination in most cases. Every years millions of people receive inactivated influenza vaccine by parenteral administration. Subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is known to induce simultaneous immune responses in the blood and upper respiratory tract of subjects. The immune response, i.e., the increase in the number of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood and tonsils, increased rapidly to reach a peak within 1 week after vaccination.Parenteral vaccination of a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 resulted in systemic cellular and humoral responses. The mucosal humoral responses generated by intramuscular and intradermal vaccination were comparable with those obtained by mucosal vaccination. The DNA vaccine was able to... 

Antiviral activity has been demonstrated mainly for A. membranaceus, that represents the most studied species, expecially against Coxsackie viruses [234] but also against different kinds of viral infections. "Astragali radix" extracts show protective effects against Japanese Encephalitis Vitus (JEV) infection in mice both by oral and infraperitoneal injection this effect is based on a non-specific mechanism during the early stage of injection, before it shifts to antibody production. A. membranaceus (AM) shows curative effects on the mice infected with Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1) when somministated with acyclovir (ACV) [329]. The anti-HSV activity of suppository and ointment forms of AM combined... 

Other applications of this type of detection include Western blotting procedures for the identification and visualization of protein antigens (LI, L8, L9). One such recent assay for herpes simplex virus Type 2 showed that enhanced chemiluminescence is 500 times more sensitive than a colorimetric method (Dl). Antibodies to several of the HIV viral proteins have also been detected in chemiluminescent Western blots (SI6). 

Fig. 10 Herpes simplex virus detection. Validation for specific detection of herpes simplex virus using REVS a 500000 HSV (gD+) virions incubated on a surface coated with an HSV receptor (anti-gD monoclonal antibody), b the same number of HSV virions on a surface with a receptor to which HSV does not bind (control bovine IgG), c genetically modified HSV (gD ) on HSV receptor surface, d HSV on a soluble gD-blocked HSV receptor surface, e HSV in blocking solution (anti-gD monoclonal antibody) on HSV receptor surface. The traces have been displaced from zero on the y-axis for clarity...

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